The Lemko word черевікы ⟨čerevikŷ⟩ means shoes in English, черевики ⟨čerevyky⟩ in Standard Ukrainian, and buty in Polish. See Пиртей 339, Дуда 352, and Горощак 197.
Категорія: Vocabulary
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Lemko авто ⟨avto⟩ ‘car’
The neuter Lemko noun авто ⟨avto⟩ means car or automobile in English and auto or samochód in Polish. The accent is on the first syllable in the nominative singular.
References
- Horoszczak, J.: Słownik łemkowsko-polski, polsko-łemkowski. 2004 [Page 21]
- Питрей, П.: Короткий словник лемківських говірок. 2004. [Page 16]
- Дуда, І.: Лемківський словник. 2011 [Page 26]
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Lemko земля ⟨zemlja⟩ ‘earth’
Meaning
The Lemko noun земля ⟨zemlja⟩ is translatable into English as “earth”, “ground”, or “floor”, depending on the context. It translates into Polish as ziemia.
How to Pronounce and Memorize
The first syllable is pronounced like English zen, but with an ⟨m⟩ sound at the end. The second syllable is pronounced as in “la la la”. To memorize, imagine a zen monk meditating in mud outside and saying “La la la, I can’t hear you!”
Etymology
The Lemko noun земля ⟨zemlja⟩ ‘earth’ comes from Proto-Slavic *zemļà (Derksen, 2008, p. 542). Cognates include Old Church Slavonic землꙗ (ⰸⰵⰿⰾⱑ) ⟨zemlja⟩ Avestan 𐬰𐬃 ⟨zā̊⟩ ‘earth’ (accusative form 𐬰𐬆𐬨 ⟨zəm⟩), Sanskrit क्ष ⟨kṣá⟩ ‘earth’, Persian زمین ⟨zamin⟩ ‘earth’, Ancient Greek χθών ⟨khthṓn⟩ “earth”, Hittite 𒋼𒂊𒃷 ⟨tēkan⟩, (genitive 𒁖𒈾𒀸 ⟨taknas⟩), Latin humus ‘ground’, and Ancient Greek χαμαί ⟨khamaí⟩ ‘on the ground’ (Vasmer 1953, pp. 452–453, see also Derksen, 2008, p. 542 and Pokorny, 1959, p. 415).
Declension
Lemko земля ⟨zemlja⟩ is a soft, first-declension noun that declines as follows:
Singular
Case Lemko Polish Ukrainian Russian Nom зе́мля ⟨zémlja⟩ ziemia земля́ земля́ Gen зе́млі ⟨zémli⟩ ziemi землі́ земли́ Dat зе́мли ⟨zémly⟩a ziemi землі́ земле́ Acc зе́млю ⟨zémlju⟩ ziemię зе́млю зе́млю Ins зе́мльом ⟨zémlʹom⟩ ziemią земле́ю землёй Loc зе́мли ⟨zémly⟩a ziemi землі́ земле́ Voc зе́мльо ⟨zémlʹo⟩b ziemio зе́мле — The singular declension of the Lemko soft first declension noun земля ⟨zemlja⟩ ‘earth’ compared to its Polish, Ukrainian, and Russian cognates. a Pyrtej (2013, p. 38) gives зе́млі ⟨zémli⟩ as the dative and locative singular forms, yet Fontański and Chomiak (2000, p. 64) provide зе́мли ⟨zémly⟩.
b Fontański and Chomiak (2000, p. 64) provide земле ⟨zemle⟩ as an alternative vocative singular form.
Plural
Case Lemko Polish Ukrainian Russian Nom зе́млі ⟨zémli⟩ ziemie зе́млі зе́мли Gen зе́мель ⟨zémlʹ⟩ ziem земе́ль земе́ль Dat зе́млям ⟨zémljam⟩ ziemiom зе́млям зе́млям Acc зе́млі ⟨zémli⟩ ziemie зе́млі зе́мли Ins земля́ми ⟨zemljámy⟩ ziemiami зе́млями зе́млями Loc зе́млях ⟨zémljax⟩ ziemiach зе́млях зе́млях Voc зе́млі ⟨zémli⟩ ziemie зе́млі — The plural declension of the Lemko soft first declension noun земля ⟨zemlja⟩ ‘earth’ compared to its Polish, Ukrainian, and Russian cognates. References
^ Derksen, Rick. (2008). In Lubotsky, A. (Ed.), Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series: Vol. 4. Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon. Koninklijke Brill NV. https://brill.com/view/title/12607
^ Fontański, H., Chomiak, M. (2000). Ґраматыка лемківского языка [Grammar of the Lemko Language]. Śląsk.
^ Pokorny, Julius. (1959). Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-Germanic Etymological Dictionary]. A. Francke AG Verlag Bern.
^ ^ Pyrtej, P. (2013). Лемківські говірки. Фонетика і морфологія. Об’єднання лемків [Lemko Dialects. Phonetics and Morphology]. Обʼєднання лемків [Lemko Union].
^ Vasmer, M. (1953). Russisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, Erster Band: A – K [Russian Etymological Dictionary, Volume One: A – K]. Carl Winter Universitätsverlag.
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Lemko рік ⟨rik⟩ ‘year’
Learn the meaning, origin, and morphology of the Lemko masculine noun рік ⟨
rik⟩, as well as how to memorize it.Table of contents
Translation
The forms of the Lemko word рік ⟨
rik⟩ listed below are translatable into English as “year” or “years”.Mnemonic
To memorize the Lemko word рік ⟨
rik⟩, English speakers might imagine something reeking at a New Year’s Eve party (Lemko rik and English reek are pronounced practically the same).Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *rokŭ ‘time’, itself a deverbal noun from *rekti ‘say’, whose cognates include Old Church Slavonic рокъ (ⱃⱁⰽⱏ) ⟨
rokŭ⟩ ‘time, term’, as well as possibly English reckon, Sanskrit रचयति ⟨racáyati⟩ “construct, work”, Gothic 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 ⟨rahnjan⟩ ‘reckon’ (Pokorny 1959, p. 863, see also Vasmer, 1955, p. 532) and Welsh rhegi ‘curse’ (Derksen, 2008, pp. 433, 438).
The entry for the Proto-Slavic noun *rokъ on page 438 of Derksen’s Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon. 
The entry for the Proto-Slavic verb *rekti on page 433 of Derksen’s Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon. 
The entry rē̆k- on page 863 of Pokorny’s Indo-Germanic Etymological Dictionary (1959), which mentions Old Church Slavonic rokъ. 
The entry for the Muscovite Russian noun рок ⟨ rok⟩ in Vasmer’s Russian Etymological Dictionary (1955, p. 532), which mentions Ukrainian rik.Declension
Singular
Case Lemko Polish Ukrainian Russian Nominative рік ⟨ rik⟩arok рік го́д Genitive ро́ка ⟨ róka⟩broku ро́ку го́да Dative роко́ви ⟨ rókovy⟩brokowi ро́кові, ро́ку го́ду Accusative рік ⟨ rik⟩arok рік го́д Instrumental ро́ком ⟨ rókom⟩crokiem ро́ком го́дом Locative ро́ці ⟨ róci⟩croku ро́ці го́де Vocative року ⟨ róku⟩roku ро́ку го́д a The nominative and accusative form of Lemko рік ⟨rik⟩ ‘year’ is the same as the genitive plural of ріка ⟨rika⟩ ‘river’. Horoszczak (2004, p. 330) provides the nominative and accusative singular as “рик ⟨
ryk⟩, рік ⟨rik⟩”.b See Pyrtej (2013, p. 46) for the genitive and dative singular forms of Lemko рік ⟨rik⟩ ‘year’. Photograph below.
Table on page 46 of Pyrtej’s Lemko Dialects. Phonetics and Morphology c See Pyrtej (2013, p. 47) for the instrumental and locative singular forms of Lemko рік ⟨rik⟩ ‘year’. Photograph below.
Table on page 47 of Pyrtej’s Lemko Dialects. Phonetics and Morphology Plural
Case Lemko Polish Ukrainian Russian Nominative ро́кы ⟨ rókŷ⟩lata ро́ки́ го́ды, года́, лета́ Genitive ро́ків ⟨ rókiv⟩lat ро́кі́в годо́в, ле́т Dative ро́кам ⟨ rókam⟩blatom ро́ка́м года́м, лета́м Accusative ро́кы ⟨ rókŷ⟩lata ро́ки́ го́ды, года́, лета́ Instrumental рока́ми ⟨ rokámy⟩latami ро́ка́ми года́ми, лета́ми Locative ро́ках ⟨ rókach⟩latach ро́ка́х года́х, лета́х Vocative ро́кы ⟨ rókŷ⟩lata ро́ки́ го́ды, года́, лета́ Source Source References
^ Derksen, Rick. (2008). In Lubotsky, A. (Ed.), Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series: Vol. 4. Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon. Koninklijke Brill NV. https://brill.com/view/title/12607
Fontański, H., Chomiak, M. (2000). Ґраматыка лемківского языка [Grammar of the Lemko Language]. Śląsk.
^ Horoszczak, J. (2004). Słownik łemkowsko-polski, polsko-łemkowski [Lemko-Polish and Polish-Lemko Dictionary]. Rutenika.
^ Pokorny, Julius. (1959). Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-Germanic Etymological Dictionary]. A. Francke AG Verlag Bern.
^ ^ Pyrtej, P. (2013). Лемківські говірки. Фонетика і морфологія. Об’єднання лемків [Lemko Dialects. Phonetics and Morphology]. Обʼєднання лемків [Lemko Union].
^ Vasmer, M. (1955). Russisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, Zweiter Band: L–Ssuda [Russian Etymological Dictionary, Volume Two: L–Ssuda]. Carl Winter Universitätsverlag.
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Lemko быти ⟨bŷty⟩ ‘be’
To be or not to be? Быти або не быти? That is the question, and now you can conjugate the infinitives made famous by the opening line of Hamlet’s soliloquy in Lemko using the automatic translation service LemkoTran, or craft your own copulae using this handy DIY guide.
Table of contents
Translations
The Lemko verb быти (scientific transliteration: ⟨bŷty⟩) means”to be” in English, być in Polish, бути ⟨buty⟩ in Standard Ukrainian, and быть ⟨byt’⟩ in Muscovite Russian.
English Lemko Polish Ukrainian Russian be быти ⟨bŷty⟩ być бути быть Translations of the Lemko verb быти into English, Polish, Ukrainian, and Russian. Etymology
The Lemko infinitive быти ⟨bŷty⟩, meaning “to be”, comes from the Proto-Slavic athematic verb *byti, and is related to Sanskrit भूति ⟨bhūtíṣ⟩ “wellbeing” (Vasmer 1953, p. 159; Pokorny 1959 147), Persian بودن ⟨būdan⟩ “be” (Pokorny, p. 147), Latin futūrus “future” (Vasmer, p. 159, Pokorny, p. 149), and via Old English bēon, English be (Pokorny, p. 149).
Attestation
Hamlet’s famous opening line “To be or not to be, that is the question” is alluded to in the following published pieces found in the wild:
Для дакотрых орґанізаций є то быти або не быти, значыт, без тых грошів не сут в силі нич зреализувати.” (LEM.fm 2021)
- Transcription
- dl'a dakotrŷch organizacyj je to bŷty abo ne bŷty, značŷt, bez tŷch hrošiv ne sut v syl'i nyč zrealyzuvaty.
- Translation
- For some organizations, it's to be or not to be, meaning they will not be able to achieve anything without those funds.
От нашых діл и нашой віры буде рішатися вопрос: ци нам лемкам быти, ци не быти?….” (Цисляк 1964, p. 162)
- Transliteration
Ot našŷch dil y našoj virŷ bude rišatysia vopros: cy nam lemkam bŷty, cy ne bŷty?…- Translation
Our affairs and our faith will be decide the question of whether we Lemkos are to be or not to be…
Inflection
Future Tense
Root: буд– ⟨bud-⟩
The future tense of the Lemko verb for to be, быти ⟨bŷty⟩, is formed by adding personal endings to the root bud-, equivalent to will in English.
Etymology
Lemko bud- comes from the Proto-Slavic root *bǫd-. Compare the suffix -bund in English moribund from Latin moribundus (Pokorny, p. 150, Vasmer, p. 136).
Conjugation Table
English Lemko Polish Ukrainian Russian I will буду ⟨búdu⟩będę буду буду you will будеш ⟨búdeš⟩będziesz будеш будешь (s)he will буде ⟨búdet⟩będzie буде будет we will будеме ⟨budéme⟩będziemy будемо будем you all will будете ⟨budéte⟩będziecie будете будете they will будут ⟨búdut⟩będą будуть будут Forms of the future tense conjugation of Lemko verb быти ⟨bŷty⟩ translated into English, Polish, Standard Ukrainian, and Russian. - Reference
- Fontański & Chomiak (2000, p. 106).
Present Tense
Root: є– ⟨je-⟩, с– ⟨s-⟩
In Lemko, the present tense of the verb to be is formed in the singular from the root є- ⟨je-⟩, and in the plural from the root с- ⟨s-⟩.
Etymology
All the below forms trace back to the ancestor of the Proto-Slavic root *es-, to which personal endings were affixed. Compare to English is, German ist, Latin est, Ancient Greek ἐστί
⟨estí⟩, Persian است⟨ast⟩, and Sanskrit अस्ति⟨ásti⟩(Pokorny, pp. 340-341; Vasmer, p. 405).Conjugation Table
English Lemko Polish Ukrainian Russian I am єм ⟨jem⟩jestem є есть you are єс ⟨jes⟩jesteś є есть (s)he is єст ⟨jest⟩ajest є есть we are сме ⟨sme⟩bjesteśmy є есть you all are сте ⟨ste⟩cjesteście є есть they are сут ⟨sut⟩są є есть Forms of the present tense conjugation of the Lemko verb быти ⟨bŷty⟩ translated into English, Polish, Standard Ukrainian, and Russian. a The Lemko third-person singular form єст
⟨jest⟩is now being replaced by є⟨je⟩, though this is still rare (Fontański & Chomiak 2000, p. 109).b Fontański & Chomiak (2000, p. 109) give the Lemko first-person plural form as (єсме)сме/зме
⟨(jesme)sme/zme⟩.c Fontański & Chomiak (2000, p. 109) give the Lemko second-person plural form as (єсте)сте
⟨(jeste)ste⟩.- Reference
- Fontański & Chomiak (2000, p. 106).
Past Tense
Root: был-
⟨bŷl-⟩The past tense of the verb “to be” is formed in Lemko by adding any appropriate gender and plural markers to the stem был-
⟨b, translatable into English as was or were.ŷl-⟩Etymology
Lemko был
⟨bis undoubtedly the continuation of Proto-Slavic resultative participle *bylŭ. Compare to Ancient Greek φῦλον ⟨phylon⟩ (Vasmer, p. 159), whence English phylum.ŷl⟩Conjugation Tables
Masculine
Use the following to refer to males or mixed parties of males and females, as well as objects of grammatically masculine gender. Male virility is not a grammatical category in Lemko, unlike Polish.
English Lemko Polish Ukrainian Russian I was я былa ⟨ja bŷl⟩byłem я був я был you were ты былb ⟨tý bŷl⟩byłeś ти був ты был he was він был ⟨vin bŷl⟩był він був он был we were мы былиc ⟨mŷbŷly⟩byliśmy ми були мы были you guys were вы былиd ⟨vŷbŷly⟩byliście ви були вы были those guys were они были ⟨ony bŷly⟩byli вони були они были Forms of the masculine past tense conjugation of the Lemko verb быти ⟨bŷty⟩ translated into English, Polish, Standard Ukrainian, and Russian. a Fontański & Chomiak (2000, p. 109) cite был єм
⟨bŷl em⟩as an alternative masculine first person singular form of the past of the verb “to be”.b Fontański & Chomiak (2000, p. 109) cite был єс
⟨bŷl es⟩as an alternative masculine second person singular form of the past of the verb “to be”.c Fontański & Chomiak (2000, p. 109) cite были сме
⟨bŷly sme⟩as an alternative first person plural form of the past of the verb “to be”.d Fontański & Chomiak (2000, p. 109) cite были сте
⟨bŷly ste⟩as an alternative second person plural form of the past of the verb “to be”.- Reference
- Fontański & Chomiak (2000, p. 106).
Feminine
Use the below to refer to females and objects of grammatically feminine gender.
English Lemko Polish Ukrainian Russian I was я былаa ⟨ja bŷla⟩byłam я була я была you were ты былаb ⟨týbŷla⟩byłaś ти була ты была she was она была ⟨ona bŷla⟩była вона була он была we were мы былиc ⟨mŷbyłyśmy ми були мы были you gals were вы былиd ⟨wŷbyłyście ви були вы были those gals were они были ⟨ony bŷly⟩były вони були они были Forms of the feminine past tense conjugation of the Lemko verb быти ⟨bŷty⟩ translated into English, Polish, Standard Ukrainian, and Russian. a Fontański & Chomiak (2000, p. 109) cite была єм
⟨bŷla em⟩and былам⟨bŷlam⟩as alternative feminine first person singular forms of the past of the verb “to be”.b Fontański & Chomiak (2000, p. 109) cite была єс
⟨bŷla es⟩and былас⟨bŷlas⟩as alternative feminine second person singular forms of the past of the verb “to be”.c Fontański & Chomiak (2000, p. 109) cite были сме
⟨bŷly sme⟩as an alternative first person plural form of the past of the verb “to be”.d Fontański & Chomiak (2000, p. 109) cite были сте
⟨bŷly ste⟩as an alternative second person plural form of the past of the verb “to be”.- Reference
- Fontański & Chomiak (2000, p. 106).
Neuter
Use the below to refer to objects of grammatically neuter gender.
English Lemko Polish Ukrainian Russian it was оно было ⟨ono bŷlo⟩było воно було оно было they were они были ⟨ony bŷly⟩były вони були они были Forms of the neuter past tense conjugation of the Lemko verb быти ⟨bŷty⟩ translated into English, Polish, Standard Ukrainian, and Russian. - Reference
- Fontański & Chomiak (2000, p. 106).
References
- Fontański, H., Chomiak, M. (2000). Ґраматыка лемківского языка [Grammar of the Lemko Language]. Śląsk.
- Vasmer, M. (1953). Russisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, Erster Band: A – K [Russian Etymological Dictionary, Volume One: A – K]. Carl Winter Universitätsverlag.
- Pokorny, J. (1959). Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, I. Band [Indo-Germanic Etymological Dictionary, Volume One]. A. Francke AG Verlag.
- Цисляк, А. (1964). Нашы Родны Бескиды [Our Ancestral Beskid Mountains]. In: Карпаторусский Календарь Лемко-Союза На Год 1964. Типография Лемко-Союза.
- Lem.fm (2021). Хто робит, а хто… но власні, што? [He Who Does, and He Who… Well, What?],
www.Lem.fm.
