The Lemko word черевікы ⟨čerevikŷ⟩ means shoes in English, черевики ⟨čerevyky⟩ in Standard Ukrainian, and buty in Polish. See Пиртей 339, Дуда 352, and Горощак 197.
Позначка: Noun
-
Lemko авто ⟨avto⟩ ‘car’
The neuter Lemko noun авто ⟨avto⟩ means car or automobile in English and auto or samochód in Polish. The accent is on the first syllable in the nominative singular.
References
- Horoszczak, J.: Słownik łemkowsko-polski, polsko-łemkowski. 2004 [Page 21]
- Питрей, П.: Короткий словник лемківських говірок. 2004. [Page 16]
- Дуда, І.: Лемківський словник. 2011 [Page 26]
-
Lemko земля ⟨zemlja⟩ ‘earth’
Meaning
The Lemko noun земля ⟨zemlja⟩ is translatable into English as “earth”, “ground”, or “floor”, depending on the context. It translates into Polish as ziemia.
How to Pronounce and Memorize
The first syllable is pronounced like English zen, but with an ⟨m⟩ sound at the end. The second syllable is pronounced as in “la la la”. To memorize, imagine a zen monk meditating in mud outside and saying “La la la, I can’t hear you!”
Etymology
The Lemko noun земля ⟨zemlja⟩ ‘earth’ comes from Proto-Slavic *zemļà (Derksen, 2008, p. 542). Cognates include Old Church Slavonic землꙗ (ⰸⰵⰿⰾⱑ) ⟨zemlja⟩ Avestan 𐬰𐬃 ⟨zā̊⟩ ‘earth’ (accusative form 𐬰𐬆𐬨 ⟨zəm⟩), Sanskrit क्ष ⟨kṣá⟩ ‘earth’, Persian زمین ⟨zamin⟩ ‘earth’, Ancient Greek χθών ⟨khthṓn⟩ “earth”, Hittite 𒋼𒂊𒃷 ⟨tēkan⟩, (genitive 𒁖𒈾𒀸 ⟨taknas⟩), Latin humus ‘ground’, and Ancient Greek χαμαί ⟨khamaí⟩ ‘on the ground’ (Vasmer 1953, pp. 452–453, see also Derksen, 2008, p. 542 and Pokorny, 1959, p. 415).
Declension
Lemko земля ⟨zemlja⟩ is a soft, first-declension noun that declines as follows:
Singular
Case Lemko Polish Ukrainian Russian Nom зе́мля ⟨zémlja⟩ ziemia земля́ земля́ Gen зе́млі ⟨zémli⟩ ziemi землі́ земли́ Dat зе́мли ⟨zémly⟩a ziemi землі́ земле́ Acc зе́млю ⟨zémlju⟩ ziemię зе́млю зе́млю Ins зе́мльом ⟨zémlʹom⟩ ziemią земле́ю землёй Loc зе́мли ⟨zémly⟩a ziemi землі́ земле́ Voc зе́мльо ⟨zémlʹo⟩b ziemio зе́мле — The singular declension of the Lemko soft first declension noun земля ⟨zemlja⟩ ‘earth’ compared to its Polish, Ukrainian, and Russian cognates. a Pyrtej (2013, p. 38) gives зе́млі ⟨zémli⟩ as the dative and locative singular forms, yet Fontański and Chomiak (2000, p. 64) provide зе́мли ⟨zémly⟩.
b Fontański and Chomiak (2000, p. 64) provide земле ⟨zemle⟩ as an alternative vocative singular form.
Plural
Case Lemko Polish Ukrainian Russian Nom зе́млі ⟨zémli⟩ ziemie зе́млі зе́мли Gen зе́мель ⟨zémlʹ⟩ ziem земе́ль земе́ль Dat зе́млям ⟨zémljam⟩ ziemiom зе́млям зе́млям Acc зе́млі ⟨zémli⟩ ziemie зе́млі зе́мли Ins земля́ми ⟨zemljámy⟩ ziemiami зе́млями зе́млями Loc зе́млях ⟨zémljax⟩ ziemiach зе́млях зе́млях Voc зе́млі ⟨zémli⟩ ziemie зе́млі — The plural declension of the Lemko soft first declension noun земля ⟨zemlja⟩ ‘earth’ compared to its Polish, Ukrainian, and Russian cognates. References
^ Derksen, Rick. (2008). In Lubotsky, A. (Ed.), Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series: Vol. 4. Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon. Koninklijke Brill NV. https://brill.com/view/title/12607
^ Fontański, H., Chomiak, M. (2000). Ґраматыка лемківского языка [Grammar of the Lemko Language]. Śląsk.
^ Pokorny, Julius. (1959). Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-Germanic Etymological Dictionary]. A. Francke AG Verlag Bern.
^ ^ Pyrtej, P. (2013). Лемківські говірки. Фонетика і морфологія. Об’єднання лемків [Lemko Dialects. Phonetics and Morphology]. Обʼєднання лемків [Lemko Union].
^ Vasmer, M. (1953). Russisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, Erster Band: A – K [Russian Etymological Dictionary, Volume One: A – K]. Carl Winter Universitätsverlag.
-
Lemko рік ⟨rik⟩ ‘year’
Learn the meaning, origin, and morphology of the Lemko masculine noun рік ⟨
rik⟩, as well as how to memorize it.Table of contents
Translation
The forms of the Lemko word рік ⟨
rik⟩ listed below are translatable into English as “year” or “years”.Mnemonic
To memorize the Lemko word рік ⟨
rik⟩, English speakers might imagine something reeking at a New Year’s Eve party (Lemko rik and English reek are pronounced practically the same).Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *rokŭ ‘time’, itself a deverbal noun from *rekti ‘say’, whose cognates include Old Church Slavonic рокъ (ⱃⱁⰽⱏ) ⟨
rokŭ⟩ ‘time, term’, as well as possibly English reckon, Sanskrit रचयति ⟨racáyati⟩ “construct, work”, Gothic 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 ⟨rahnjan⟩ ‘reckon’ (Pokorny 1959, p. 863, see also Vasmer, 1955, p. 532) and Welsh rhegi ‘curse’ (Derksen, 2008, pp. 433, 438).
The entry for the Proto-Slavic noun *rokъ on page 438 of Derksen’s Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon. 
The entry for the Proto-Slavic verb *rekti on page 433 of Derksen’s Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon. 
The entry rē̆k- on page 863 of Pokorny’s Indo-Germanic Etymological Dictionary (1959), which mentions Old Church Slavonic rokъ. 
The entry for the Muscovite Russian noun рок ⟨ rok⟩ in Vasmer’s Russian Etymological Dictionary (1955, p. 532), which mentions Ukrainian rik.Declension
Singular
Case Lemko Polish Ukrainian Russian Nominative рік ⟨ rik⟩arok рік го́д Genitive ро́ка ⟨ róka⟩broku ро́ку го́да Dative роко́ви ⟨ rókovy⟩brokowi ро́кові, ро́ку го́ду Accusative рік ⟨ rik⟩arok рік го́д Instrumental ро́ком ⟨ rókom⟩crokiem ро́ком го́дом Locative ро́ці ⟨ róci⟩croku ро́ці го́де Vocative року ⟨ róku⟩roku ро́ку го́д a The nominative and accusative form of Lemko рік ⟨rik⟩ ‘year’ is the same as the genitive plural of ріка ⟨rika⟩ ‘river’. Horoszczak (2004, p. 330) provides the nominative and accusative singular as “рик ⟨
ryk⟩, рік ⟨rik⟩”.b See Pyrtej (2013, p. 46) for the genitive and dative singular forms of Lemko рік ⟨rik⟩ ‘year’. Photograph below.
Table on page 46 of Pyrtej’s Lemko Dialects. Phonetics and Morphology c See Pyrtej (2013, p. 47) for the instrumental and locative singular forms of Lemko рік ⟨rik⟩ ‘year’. Photograph below.
Table on page 47 of Pyrtej’s Lemko Dialects. Phonetics and Morphology Plural
Case Lemko Polish Ukrainian Russian Nominative ро́кы ⟨ rókŷ⟩lata ро́ки́ го́ды, года́, лета́ Genitive ро́ків ⟨ rókiv⟩lat ро́кі́в годо́в, ле́т Dative ро́кам ⟨ rókam⟩blatom ро́ка́м года́м, лета́м Accusative ро́кы ⟨ rókŷ⟩lata ро́ки́ го́ды, года́, лета́ Instrumental рока́ми ⟨ rokámy⟩latami ро́ка́ми года́ми, лета́ми Locative ро́ках ⟨ rókach⟩latach ро́ка́х года́х, лета́х Vocative ро́кы ⟨ rókŷ⟩lata ро́ки́ го́ды, года́, лета́ Source Source References
^ Derksen, Rick. (2008). In Lubotsky, A. (Ed.), Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series: Vol. 4. Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon. Koninklijke Brill NV. https://brill.com/view/title/12607
Fontański, H., Chomiak, M. (2000). Ґраматыка лемківского языка [Grammar of the Lemko Language]. Śląsk.
^ Horoszczak, J. (2004). Słownik łemkowsko-polski, polsko-łemkowski [Lemko-Polish and Polish-Lemko Dictionary]. Rutenika.
^ Pokorny, Julius. (1959). Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-Germanic Etymological Dictionary]. A. Francke AG Verlag Bern.
^ ^ Pyrtej, P. (2013). Лемківські говірки. Фонетика і морфологія. Об’єднання лемків [Lemko Dialects. Phonetics and Morphology]. Обʼєднання лемків [Lemko Union].
^ Vasmer, M. (1955). Russisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, Zweiter Band: L–Ssuda [Russian Etymological Dictionary, Volume Two: L–Ssuda]. Carl Winter Universitätsverlag.
