Tag: Demonstrative

Please find below the translation, etymology, full declension tables, and references for the Lemko demonstrative pronouns тот ⟨tot⟩ meaning „this” or „these”, and тамтот ⟨tamtot⟩ meaning „that” or „those”.

Translation

The Lemko demonstrative pronoun of dictionary (masculine singular) form тот ⟨tot⟩ is translatable into English as „this” in the singular and „these” in the plural. When prefixed with там ⟨tam⟩, (for example, тамтот ⟨tamtot⟩), it is translatable as „that” in the singular and „those” in the plural.

Etymology

The Lemko demonstrative pronoun of dictionary (masculine singular) form тот ⟨tot⟩ derives from reconstructed proto-Slavic *tŭ. Further afield, it is related to the English word that and Sanskrit तत् ⟨tat⟩ (Vasmer, 1958, p. 128), translatable as „this” and appearing in the famous line तत्त्वमसि ⟨tat tvam asi⟩ meaning „That thou art”.

Nearby („this” and „these”)

Singular („This”)

All of the following forms are translatable into English as „this”.

Masculine

Case	Lemko	Polish	Ukrainian	Russian
Nominative	тот ⟨tot⟩a	ten	цей	э́тот
Genitive	то́го ⟨tóho⟩	tego	цього́	э́того
Dative	то́му ⟨tómu⟩	temu	цьому́	э́тому
Accusative (inanimate)	тот ⟨tot⟩a	ten	цей	э́тот
Accusative (animate)	то́го ⟨tóho⟩	tego	цього́	э́того
Instrumental	тым ⟨tŷm⟩b	tym	цим	э́тим
Locative	тым ⟨tŷm⟩c	tym	цьо́му, цім	э́том

^a Pyrtej (2013) gives той ⟨toj⟩ as an alternative form of the Lemko masculine nominative (as well as accusative inanimate) singular demonstrative pronoun (p. 107). That form is absent in Fontański & Chomiak (2000, p. 97).

^b Pyrtej (2013) gives тим ⟨tym⟩ as the Lemko form of the masculine instrumental singular demonstrative pronoun (p. 107), in contrast to the form тым ⟨tŷm⟩ appearing in Fontański & Chomiak (2000, p. 97).

^c Pyrtej (2013) gives тім ⟨tim⟩ as the Lemko form of the masculine locative singular demonstrative pronoun (p. 107), in contrast to the form тым ⟨tŷm⟩ appearing in Fontański & Chomiak (2000, p. 97).

Feminine

Case	Lemko	Polish	Ukrainian	Russian
Nominative	то́та ⟨tóta⟩a	ta	ця	э́та
Genitive	той ⟨toj⟩	tej	ціє́ї	э́той
Dative	тій ⟨tij⟩	tej	цій	э́той
Accusative	то́ту ⟨tótu⟩b	tę	цю	э́ту
Instrumental	том ⟨tom⟩	tą	ціє́ю	э́той, э́тою
Locative	тій ⟨tij⟩	tej	цій	э́той

^a Pyrtej (2013) gives та ⟨ta⟩ and та́я ⟨tája⟩ as alternative forms of the Lemko feminine nominative singular demonstrative pronoun (p. 107). Those forms are absent in Fontański & Chomiak (2000, p. 97).

^b Pyrtej (2013) gives ту ⟨tu⟩ and ту́ю ⟨túju⟩ as alternative forms of the Lemko feminine accusative singular demonstrative pronoun (p. 107). Those forms are absent in Fontański & Chomiak (2000, p. 97).

Neuter

Case	Lemko	Polish	Ukrainian	Russian
Nominative	то́то ⟨tóto⟩a	to	це	э́то
Genitive	то́го ⟨tóho⟩	tego	цього́	э́того
Dative	то́му ⟨tómu⟩	temu	цьому́	э́тому
Accusative	то́то ⟨tóto⟩	to	цей	э́то
Instrumental	тым ⟨tŷm⟩b	tym	цим	э́тим
Locative	тым ⟨tŷm⟩c	tym	цьо́му, цім	э́том

^a Pyrtej (2013) gives то ⟨to⟩ and то́є ⟨tóje⟩ as alternative forms of the Lemko neuter nominative singular demonstrative pronoun (p. 107). Those forms are absent in Fontański & Chomiak (2000, p. 97).

^b Pyrtej (2013) gives тим ⟨tym⟩ as the Lemko form of the neuter instrumental singular demonstrative pronoun (p. 107), in contrast to the form тым ⟨tŷm⟩ appearing in Fontański & Chomiak (2000, p. 97).

^c Pyrtej (2013) gives тім ⟨tim⟩ as the Lemko form of the neuter locative singular demonstrative pronoun (p. 107), in contrast to the form тым ⟨tŷm⟩ appearing in Fontański & Chomiak (2000, p. 97).

References

Fontański & Chomiak (2000, p. 97).

Pyrtej (2013, p. 107).

Plural („These”)

The following forms are used regardless of grammatical gender and are translatable into English as „these”.

Case	Lemko	Polish	Ukrainian	Russian
Nominative	то́ты ⟨tótŷ⟩	te/ci	ці	э́ти
Genitive	тых ⟨tŷch⟩	tych	цих	э́тих
Dative	тым ⟨tŷm⟩	tym	цим	э́тим
Accusative (inanimate)	то́ты ⟨tótŷ⟩	te	ці	э́ти
Accusative (animate)	тых ⟨tŷch⟩	tych	цих	э́тих
Instrumental	ты́ма ⟨tŷma⟩	tymi	ци́ми	э́тими
Locative	тых ⟨tŷch⟩	tych	цих	э́тих

Distant („that”, „those”)

To communicate distance from the speaker, simply prefix all of the above pronouns with Lemko там ⟨tam⟩. This is equivalent to saying „that” instead of „this” or „those” instead of „these” in English.

Singular („That”)

Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	тамтот ⟨tamtot⟩a	тамто́та ⟨tamtóta⟩d	тамто́то ⟨tamtóto⟩x
Genitive	тамто́го ⟨tamtóho⟩	тамтой ⟨tamtoj⟩	тамто́го ⟨tamtóho⟩
Dative	тамто́му ⟨tamtómu⟩	тамтій ⟨tamtij⟩	тамто́му ⟨tamtómu⟩
Accusative (inanimate)	тамтот ⟨tamtot⟩a	тамто́ту ⟨tamtótu⟩e	тамто́то ⟨tamtóto⟩
Accusative (animate)	тамто́го ⟨tamtóho⟩	тамто́ту ⟨tamtótu⟩e	тамто́то ⟨tamtóto⟩
Instrumental	тамтым ⟨tamtŷm⟩b	тамтом ⟨tamtom⟩	тамтым ⟨tamtŷm⟩b
Locative	тамтым ⟨tŷm⟩c	тамтій ⟨tamtij⟩	тамтым ⟨tamtŷm⟩c

^a Pyrtej (2013) gives той ⟨toj⟩ as an alternative form of the Lemko masculine nominative (as well as accusative inanimate) singular demonstrative pronoun (p. 107). That form is absent in Fontański & Chomiak (2000, p. 97).

^b Pyrtej (2013) gives тим ⟨tym⟩ as the Lemko form of the masculine and neuter instrumental singular demonstrative pronoun (p. 107), in contrast to the form тым ⟨tŷm⟩ appearing in Fontański & Chomiak (2000, p. 97).

^c Pyrtej (2013) gives тім ⟨tim⟩ as the Lemko form of the masculine and neuter locative singular demonstrative pronoun (p. 107), in contrast to the form тым ⟨tŷm⟩ appearing in Fontański & Chomiak (2000, p. 97).

^d Pyrtej (2013) gives та ⟨ta⟩ and та́я ⟨tája⟩ as alternative forms of the Lemko feminine nominative singular demonstrative pronoun (p. 107). Those forms are absent in Fontański & Chomiak (2000, p. 97).

^e Pyrtej (2013) gives ту ⟨tu⟩ and ту́ю ⟨túju⟩ as alternative forms of the Lemko feminine accusative singular demonstrative pronoun (p. 107). Those forms are absent in Fontański & Chomiak (2000, p. 97).

^f Pyrtej (2013) gives то ⟨to⟩ and то́є ⟨tóje⟩ as alternative forms of the Lemko neuter nominative singular demonstrative pronoun (p. 107). Those forms are absent in Fontański & Chomiak (2000, p. 97).

Plural („Those”)

Case	Lemko	Polish	Ukrainian	Russian
Nominative	тамто́ты ⟨tamtótŷ⟩	tamte/tamci	ті	те
Genitive	тамтых ⟨tamtŷch⟩	tamtych	тих	тех
Dative	тамтым ⟨tamtŷm⟩	tamtym	тим	тем
Accusative (inanimate)	тамто́ты ⟨tamtótŷ⟩	tamte	ті	те
Accusative (animate)	тамтых ⟨tamtŷch⟩	tamtych	тих	тех
Instrumental	тамты́ма ⟨tamtŷma⟩	tamtymi	ти́ми	те́ми
Locative	тых ⟨tamtŷch⟩	tamtych	тих	тех

References

1. ^ Fontański, H., Chomiak, M.  (2000). Ґраматыка лемківского языка [Grammar of the Lemko Language]. Śląsk.

2. ^ Pyrtej, P. (2013). Лемківські говірки. Фонетика і морфологія. Об’єднання лемків [Lemko Dialects. Phonetics and Morphology].

3. Vasmer, M. (1958). Russisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, Dritter Band: Sta–Ÿ [Russian Etymological Dictionary, Volume Three: Sta–Ÿ]. Carl Winter Universitätsverlag.