{"id":11147,"date":"2021-12-07T12:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-12-07T12:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/uncategorized-sk\/ano-hovorim-neuronovy-strojovy-preklad-ai-vo-viacjazycnom-skoleni-2021\/"},"modified":"2026-01-23T06:20:08","modified_gmt":"2026-01-23T06:20:08","slug":"ano-hovorim-neuronovy-strojovy-preklad-ai-vo-viacjazycnom-skoleni-2021","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/sk\/veda\/studia\/ano-hovorim-neuronovy-strojovy-preklad-ai-vo-viacjazycnom-skoleni-2021\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00c1no, hovor\u00edm&#8230; Neuronov\u00fd strojov\u00fd preklad AI vo viacjazy\u010dnom \u0161kolen\u00ed (2021)"},"content":{"rendered":"    <section class=\"petro-citation\" aria-labelledby=\"petro-citation-heading-2021-yes\">\n        <h3 id=\"petro-citation-heading-2021-yes\">\n            Please cite as:        <\/h3>\n\n        <p class=\"petro-citation__text\">\n            <cite id=\"petro-cite-2021-yes\" class=\"p-name\">\n                Orynycz, P., Dobry, T., Jackson, A., &amp; Litzenberg, K. (2021). Yes I Speak\u2026 AI neural machine translation in multi-lingual training. In Proceedings of the Interservice\/Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conference (I\/ITSEC). https:\/\/www.xcdsystem.com\/iitsec\/proceedings\/index.cfm?Year=2021&amp;AbID=96953&amp;CID=862            <\/cite>\n\n                            <span class=\"petro-citation__micro h-cite\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n                                            <span class=\"p-author\">Orynycz, P.; Dobry, T.; Jackson, A.; Litzenberg, K.<\/span>\n                                                                <time class=\"dt-published\" datetime=\"2021\">\n                            2021                        <\/time>\n                                                                <span class=\"p-name\">Yes I Speak\u2026 AI neural machine translation in multi-lingual training<\/span>\n                                                                <a class=\"u-url\" href=\"https:\/\/www.xcdsystem.com\/iitsec\/proceedings\/index.cfm?Year=2021&#038;AbID=96953&#038;CID=862\"><\/a>\n                                    <\/span>\n                    <\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"petro-citation__actions\">\n            <button\n                type=\"button\"\n                class=\"petro-copy-btn\"\n                data-copy-target=\"#petro-cite-2021-yes\"\n                data-copied-text=\"Copied!\">\n                Copy citation            <\/button>\n\n                            <button\n                    type=\"button\"\n                    class=\"petro-copy-btn petro-copy-btn--bibtex\"\n                    data-copy-target=\"#petro-bibtex-2021-yes\"\n                    data-copied-text=\"Copied!\">\n                    Copy BibTeX                <\/button>\n\n                <pre id=\"petro-bibtex-2021-yes\" class=\"petro-bibtex\" aria-hidden=\"true\">@inproceedings{orynycz2021yes,\n  author    = {Petro Orynycz and T. Dobry and A. Jackson and K. Litzenberg},\n  title     = {Yes I Speak\u2026 AI neural machine translation in multi-lingual training},\n  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Interservice\/Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conference (I\/ITSEC)},\n  year      = {2021},\n  url       = {https:\/\/www.xcdsystem.com\/iitsec\/proceedings\/index.cfm?Year=2021&amp;AbID=96953&amp;CID=862}\n}<\/pre>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n    \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n    \"@type\": \"ScholarlyArticle\",\n    \"name\": \"Yes I Speak\u2026 AI neural machine translation in multi-lingual training\",\n    \"headline\": \"Yes I Speak\u2026 AI neural machine translation in multi-lingual training\",\n    \"author\": [\n        {\n            \"@type\": \"Person\",\n            \"name\": \"Petro Orynycz\",\n            \"alternateName\": \"\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e \u041e\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0447\"\n        },\n        {\n            \"@type\": \"Person\",\n            \"name\": \"T. Dobry\"\n        },\n        {\n            \"@type\": \"Person\",\n            \"name\": \"A. Jackson\"\n        },\n        {\n            \"@type\": \"Person\",\n            \"name\": \"K. Litzenberg\"\n        }\n    ],\n    \"datePublished\": \"2021\",\n    \"inLanguage\": \"en\",\n    \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.xcdsystem.com\/iitsec\/proceedings\/index.cfm?Year=2021&AbID=96953&CID=862\",\n    \"isPartOf\": {\n        \"@type\": \"PublicationVolume\",\n        \"name\": \"Proceedings of the Interservice\/Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conference (I\/ITSEC)\"\n    }\n}        <\/script>\n            <\/section>\n    \n\n<p class=\"alert is-style-text-annotation has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-dd1c895dc470ede43fdcbf8c2d14e6fc is-style-text-annotation--1 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#0f5132;background-color:#d1e7dd\">\u2705 T\u00e1to verzia pr\u00edspevku bola prijat\u00e1 na publikovanie po recenznom konan\u00ed, ale nie je to fin\u00e1lna publikovan\u00e1 verzia (Version of Record) a neodr\u00e1\u017ea vylep\u0161enia po prijat\u00ed ani \u017eiadne opravy. Fin\u00e1lna publikovan\u00e1 verzia je dostupn\u00e1 online <u>na <a href=\"https:\/\/www.xcdsystem.com\/iitsec\/proceedings\/index.cfm?Year=2021&amp;AbID=96953&amp;CID=862\" rel=\"nofollow\">tomto odkaze<\/a><\/u>. Pou\u017eitie tejto prijatej verzie podlieha <u><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iitsec.org\/get-involved\/authors\" rel=\"nofollow\">podmienkam pou\u017e\u00edvania<\/a><\/u> akceptovan\u00e9ho rukopisu vydavate\u013ea.  <\/p>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-ae46704c-4258-4daa-acf2-05b712a19593\" href=\"https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Orynycz_2021_yes-i-speak.pdf\">Orynycz_2021_yes-i-speak<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Orynycz_2021_yes-i-speak.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download=\"\" aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-ae46704c-4258-4daa-acf2-05b712a19593\">Stiahnu\u0165<\/a><\/div>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-abstract\">Abstrakt<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">R\u00fdchlo zdie\u013eate\u013en\u00e9 a spolo\u010dne pou\u017eite\u013en\u00e9 \u0161kolenia medzi koali\u010dn\u00fdmi partnermi sa musia jazykovo a kult\u00farne prisp\u00f4sobi\u0165 (t. j. <em>lokalizova\u0165<\/em>) jazykom neanglof\u00f3nnych spojencov, ktor\u00ed predstavuj\u00fa akt\u00e9rov v prvej l\u00ednii s obmedzenou alebo potenci\u00e1lne \u017eiadnou znalos\u0165ou angli\u010dtiny. Tradi\u010dne bola lokaliz\u00e1cia \u010dasovo a pracovne n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fd proces, pri\u010dom expert potreboval viac ako dva mesiace na preklad stredne ve\u013ekej knihy. Medzit\u00fdm musia cvi\u010denia reagova\u0165 na celkov\u00e9 \u010dasov\u00e9 r\u00e1mce v\u00fdvoja v d\u0148och a t\u00fd\u017ed\u0148och, nie v mesiacoch a rokoch, aby reagovali na meniace sa reality opera\u010dn\u00e9ho sveta. V tomto kontexte sa tradi\u010dn\u00e1 lokaliz\u00e1cia st\u00e1va hlavnou prek\u00e1\u017ekou pre \u00fasilie koal\u00edcie. V r\u00fdchlo sa vyv\u00edjaj\u00facich situ\u00e1ci\u00e1ch spojenci jednoducho nem\u00f4\u017eu \u010daka\u0165 mesiace a roky na \u0161kolenia potrebn\u00e9 dnes ve\u010der alebo na rie\u0161enie misie bud\u00faceho t\u00fd\u017ed\u0148a v jazykoch \u013eahko zrozumite\u013en\u00fdch v prvej l\u00ednii \u2013 to znamen\u00e1, aby sa splnil dlho o\u010dak\u00e1van\u00fd sen o lok\u00e1lne prisp\u00f4sobenom \u0161kolen\u00ed na rie\u0161enie potrieb priamo v ter\u00e9ne.    <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vstupuje do hry vznikaj\u00faca technol\u00f3gia umelej inteligencie, <em>neuronov\u00fd strojov\u00fd preklad<\/em>, ktor\u00e1 dok\u00e1\u017ee za p\u00e1r min\u00fat to, \u010do sk\u00fasen\u00fdm \u013eudsk\u00fdm lingvistom trv\u00e1 hodinu, \u010d\u00edm sa st\u00e1va uskuto\u010dnite\u013en\u00e9 celokoali\u010dn\u00e9, viacjazy\u010dn\u00e9 nasadenie v priebehu dn\u00ed a t\u00fd\u017ed\u0148ov, pri\u010dom sa zoh\u013ead\u0148uje neust\u00e1le sa zlep\u0161uj\u00faca komplexnos\u0165. To je mo\u017en\u00e9 v\u010faka strojov\u00e9mu u\u010deniu, teda tr\u00e9novaniu umel\u00fdch rekurentn\u00fdch neur\u00f3nov\u00fdch siet\u00ed na preklad z jedn\u00e9ho prirodzen\u00e9ho jazyka do druh\u00e9ho. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vyvinuli sme motory zalo\u017een\u00e9 na umelej inteligencii, merali sme \u010das ich prekladu \u0161koliacich materi\u00e1lov Organiz\u00e1cie Severoatlantickej zmluvy (NATO) a ich presnos\u0165 sme merali pomocou metriky BLEU (bilingual understudy evaluation). N\u00e1\u0161 motor prekladal z ru\u0161tiny o 1 169,51 % r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie a o 58,37 % presnej\u0161ie ako n\u00e1\u0161 profesion\u00e1lny \u013eudsk\u00fd lingvista pou\u017eit\u00fd ako kontrola. N\u00e1\u0161 po\u013esk\u00fd neur\u00f3nov\u00fd motor bol o 17,29 % presnej\u0161\u00ed a o 488,45 % r\u00fdchlej\u0161\u00ed ako \u013eudsk\u00fd. Na\u0161e prekladov\u00e9 motory Lemko s\u00fa prv\u00e9 na svete a dosiahli slu\u0161n\u00e9 sk\u00f3re BLEU 14,57. Medzit\u00fdm sme vy\u0161\u0161ie uveden\u00e9 vykonali na lacnom prenosnom po\u010d\u00edta\u010di v prostred\u00ed s oddelenou sie\u0165ou a riaden\u00fdm pr\u00edstupom, odrezanom od vonkaj\u0161ieho sveta.    <\/p>\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Orynycz_2021_yes-i-speak.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:442px\" aria-label=\"Vlo\u017ei\u0165 Orynycz_2021_yes-i-speak.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-26b96727-5605-42d8-a93e-0718c7d7136a\" href=\"https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Orynycz_2021_yes-i-speak.pdf\">Orynycz_2021_yes-i-speak<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Orynycz_2021_yes-i-speak.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download=\"\" aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-26b96727-5605-42d8-a93e-0718c7d7136a\">Stiahnu\u0165<\/a><\/div>\n\n<ul class=\"mpdl-file-links-list\">\n      <li class=\"mpdl-file-links-item\">\n      <a  href=\"https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/sk\/mp-files\/byteclub.zip\/\" class=\"mpdl-file-archive\">byteclub.zip<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-yoast-seo-table-of-contents yoast-table-of-contents\"><h2>Obsah<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"#h-abstract\" data-level=\"2\">Abstrakt<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-introduction\" data-level=\"2\">\u00davod<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#h-the-problem\" data-level=\"3\">Probl\u00e9m<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-solutions-so-far\" data-level=\"3\">Doteraj\u0161ie rie\u0161enia<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-the-wider-system\" data-level=\"3\">\u0160ir\u0161\u00ed syst\u00e9m<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-hypotheses-and-predictions\" data-level=\"2\">Hypot\u00e9zy a predpovede<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#h-translation-speed\" data-level=\"3\">R\u00fdchlos\u0165 prekladu<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-translation-accuracy\" data-level=\"3\">Presnos\u0165 prekladu<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-translation-security\" data-level=\"3\">Bezpe\u010dnos\u0165 prekladu<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-hybrid-rule-dictionary-based-and-neural-lemko-english-engine\" data-level=\"3\">Hybridn\u00fd motor Lemko-anglick\u00fd zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidl\u00e1ch\/slovn\u00edku a neur\u00f3novej sieti<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-introduction-to-methods-and-justification\" data-level=\"3\">\u00davod do met\u00f3d a zd\u00f4vodnenie<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-principal-results-in-brief\" data-level=\"3\">Hlavn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky v skratke<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-materials-and-methods\" data-level=\"2\">Materi\u00e1ly a met\u00f3dy<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#h-introduction-0\" data-level=\"3\">\u00davod<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-lab-set-up\" data-level=\"3\">Nastavenie laborat\u00f3ria<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-results\" data-level=\"2\">V\u00fdsledky<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#h-translation-speed-the-higher-resource-the-language-pair-the-faster-the-engine\" data-level=\"3\">R\u00fdchlos\u0165 prekladu: \u010c\u00edm viac zdrojov m\u00e1 jazykov\u00fd p\u00e1r, t\u00fdm r\u00fdchlej\u0161\u00ed je motor<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-translation-accuracy-the-higher-resource-the-language-pair-the-more-accurate-the-engine\" data-level=\"3\">Presnos\u0165 prekladu: \u010c\u00edm viac zdrojov m\u00e1 jazykov\u00fd p\u00e1r, t\u00fdm presnej\u0161\u00ed je motor<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-translation-security-0\" data-level=\"3\">Bezpe\u010dnos\u0165 prekladu<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-rule-based-machine-translation-between-lemko-and-polish\" data-level=\"3\">Strojov\u00fd preklad zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidl\u00e1ch medzi Lemko a po\u013e\u0161tinou<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-discussion\" data-level=\"2\">Diskusia<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#h-a-new-era\" data-level=\"3\">Nov\u00e1 \u00e9ra<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-speed\" data-level=\"3\">R\u00fdchlos\u0165<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-accuracy\" data-level=\"3\">Presnos\u0165<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-next-steps\" data-level=\"3\">\u010eal\u0161ie kroky<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-in-closing\" data-level=\"3\">Na z\u00e1ver<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-footnotes\" data-level=\"2\">Pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010diarou<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-acknowledgements\" data-level=\"2\">Po\u010fakovanie<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-references\" data-level=\"2\">Referencie<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading is-style-default\" id=\"h-introduction\" style=\"text-transform:uppercase\">\u00davod<\/h2>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-problem\">Probl\u00e9m<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Online prekladate\u013esk\u00e9 slu\u017eby funguj\u00fa, k\u00fdm \u010dlovek nepotrebuje preklada\u0165 tajne alebo z jazyka, ktor\u00fd nepatr\u00ed medzi top 2 % z h\u013eadiska zdrojov. Pou\u017e\u00edvanie aj t\u00fdch najbezpe\u010dnej\u0161\u00edch online alebo cloudov\u00fdch prekladate\u013esk\u00fdch slu\u017eieb znamen\u00e1 zdie\u013eanie inform\u00e1ci\u00ed s tre\u0165ou stranou, \u010do poru\u0161uje v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu komer\u010dn\u00fdch doh\u00f4d o ml\u010danlivosti, nehovoriac o po\u017eiadavk\u00e1ch obrann\u00e9ho priemyslu. \u010ealej, popredn\u00e1 online prekladate\u013esk\u00e1 platforma funguje len pre 109 jazykov (Google, 2021), \u010do je menej ako 2 % zo 7 139 jazykov, ktor\u00fdmi sa dnes hovor\u00ed vo svete (Eberhard, Simons, &amp; Fennig, 2021). Tv\u00e1rou v tv\u00e1r inherentn\u00e9mu riziku tret\u00edch str\u00e1n u poskytovate\u013eov cloudov\u00fdch slu\u017eieb sa mnoh\u00ed obracaj\u00fa na preveren\u00fdch \u013eudsk\u00fdch lingvistov, ktor\u00ed dok\u00e1\u017eu v najlep\u0161om pr\u00edpade prelo\u017ei\u0165 jednu knihu mesa\u010dne a v najhor\u0161om pr\u00edpade predstavuj\u00fa celo\u017eivotn\u00e9 hrozby neopr\u00e1vnen\u00e9ho zverejnenia. Aby sme poskytli viac mo\u017enost\u00ed viacjazy\u010dn\u00fdm podnikom a organiz\u00e1ci\u00e1m, rozhodli sme sa vyrie\u0161i\u0165 probl\u00e9m vyu\u017eitia umelej inteligencie na r\u00fdchly, presn\u00fd a tajn\u00fd preklad materi\u00e1lov z jazykov s vysok\u00fdmi, stredn\u00fdmi a n\u00edzkymi zdrojmi na lacn\u00fdch, stredne v\u00fdkonn\u00fdch prenosn\u00fdch po\u010d\u00edta\u010doch s oddelenou sie\u0165ou, odpojen\u00fdch od internetu a vonkaj\u0161ieho sveta.    <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-solutions-so-far\">Doteraj\u0161ie rie\u0161enia<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zatia\u013e \u010do z\u00e1klady strojov\u00e9ho prekladu boli polo\u017een\u00e9 v Bagdade al-Kind\u012bho pred viac ako tis\u00edcro\u010d\u00edm (DuPont, 2018; pozri tie\u017e al-Kind\u012b, 2002), takmer v\u0161etok ve\u013ekolep\u00fd, vidite\u013en\u00fd pokrok sa udial v Silicon Valley za posledn\u00fdch p\u00e4\u0165 rokov. Hlavn\u00fd prelom nastal v spolo\u010dnosti Google (Lewis-Kraus, 2016) a Facebook sa teraz pripojil ku klubu neur\u00f3nov\u00e9ho strojov\u00e9ho prekladu (Ott a kol., 2019). Vych\u00e1dzali sme z pr\u00e1ce ich motora <em>FAIRseq<\/em>, pre ktor\u00fd S\u0142awomir Dadas spr\u00edstupnil vynikaj\u00faci po\u013esko-anglick\u00fd model (Dadas, 2019). Nadviazali sme na pr\u00e1cu p\u00e1na Dadasa, aby sme vytvorili hybridn\u00e9 neur\u00f3nov\u00e9\/pravidlov\u00e9\/slovn\u00edkov\u00e9 motory, ktor\u00e9 prekladaj\u00fa z Lemko do angli\u010dtiny a naopak. My\u0161lienka aplik\u00e1cie <em>prenosov\u00e9ho u\u010denia<\/em> pre spracovanie rus\u00ednskeho prirodzen\u00e9ho jazyka (NLP) bola prediskutovan\u00e1 s na\u0161imi v\u00e1\u017een\u00fdmi kolegami Yvesom Scherrerom a Achimom Rabusom, ktor\u00ed ako prv\u00ed publikovali v\u00fdsledky v recenzovanom \u010dasopise a l\u00e1skavo vyu\u017eili pr\u00edle\u017eitos\u0165 spomen\u00fa\u0165 hybridn\u00fd neur\u00f3nov\u00fd\/pravidlov\u00fd Lemko strojov\u00fd prekladov\u00fd motor Petra Orynycziho (Scherrer &amp; Rabus, Neuronov\u00e9 morfosyntaktick\u00e9 zna\u010dkovanie pre rus\u00edn\u010dinu, 2019, s. 634), ktor\u00fd je v prev\u00e1dzke a vo\u013ene dostupn\u00fd na verejn\u00e9 pou\u017eitie na webovej adrese <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemkotran.com\/\">www.lemkotran.com<\/a> od marca 2019, pri\u010dom jeho modul na spracovanie prirodzen\u00e9ho jazyka s transliter\u00e1ciou bol tam spr\u00edstupnen\u00fd na verejn\u00e9 pou\u017eitie v septembri 2017.    <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-wider-system\">\u0160ir\u0161\u00ed syst\u00e9m<\/h3>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-high-medium-and-low-resource-languages\"><strong>Jazyky s vysok\u00fdmi, stredn\u00fdmi a n\u00edzkymi zdrojmi<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jazykov\u00e9 p\u00e1ry s\u00fa v odbornej literat\u00fare klasifikovan\u00e9 ako <em>s vysok\u00fdmi zdrojmi<\/em>, <em>so stredn\u00fdmi zdrojmi<\/em> a <em>s n\u00edzkymi zdrojmi<\/em>, v z\u00e1vislosti od mno\u017estva dostupn\u00fdch technol\u00f3gi\u00ed a d\u00e1tov\u00fdch s\u00faborov vzh\u013eadom na ich medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fd v\u00fdznam (Cieri, Maxwell, Strassel, &amp; Tracey, 2016, s. 4545). P\u00e1ry s vysok\u00fdmi zdrojmi zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa \u010de\u0161tinu-angli\u010dtinu (Kocmi, 2020, s. 171), ru\u0161tinu-angli\u010dtinu, nem\u010dinu-angli\u010dtinu (Ng a kol., 2019, s. 314) a \u010d\u00edn\u0161tinu-angli\u010dtinu (Kocmi &amp; Bojar, 2019, s. 234\u2013235). Po\u013e\u0161tina-angli\u010dtina je p\u00e1r so stredn\u00fdmi zdrojmi (J\u00f3nsson, S\u00edmonarson, Sn\u00e6bjarnarson, Steingr\u00edmsson, &amp; Loftsson, 2020, s. 2). P\u00e1ry s n\u00edzkymi zdrojmi zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa gud\u017ear\u00e1t\u010dinu-angli\u010dtinu, kaza\u0161tinu-angli\u010dtinu (Kocmi &amp; Bojar, s. 234), inuktitut-angli\u010dtinu (Kocmi, s. 171) a Lemko-angli\u010dtinu (Scherrer &amp; Rabus, 2019, s. 85). Ke\u010f\u017ee tr\u00e9novanie jazykov\u00fdch modelov umelej inteligencie vy\u017eaduje obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estvo bilingv\u00e1lnych d\u00e1t, jazyky s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi zdrojmi sa vo v\u0161eobecnosti te\u0161ia dostupnosti neur\u00f3nov\u00fdch strojov\u00fdch prekladov\u00fdch motorov. Medzit\u00fdm, kv\u00f4li nedostatku tr\u00e9ningov\u00fdch d\u00e1t pre strojov\u00e9 u\u010denie, s\u00fa neur\u00f3nov\u00e9 motory zriedkavej\u0161ie pre jazyky s ni\u017e\u0161\u00edmi zdrojmi, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa \u010dasto lep\u0161ie obsluhovan\u00e9 predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facou gener\u00e1ciou motorov <em>\u0161tatistick\u00e9ho strojov\u00e9ho prekladu<\/em> (SMT).     <\/p>\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-high-resource-language-under-experiment-russian\"><strong>Jazyk s vysok\u00fdmi zdrojmi v experimente: ru\u0161tina<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ru\u0161tinou hovor\u00ed ako prv\u00fdm jazykom viac ako 168 mili\u00f3nov \u013eud\u00ed a ako \u010fal\u0161\u00edm jazykom \u010fal\u0161\u00edch 114 mili\u00f3nov (Maximova, Noyanzina, Omelchenko, &amp; Maximova, 2018, s. 2). Automatiz\u00e1cia jej prekladu do angli\u010dtiny bola sv\u00e4t\u00fdm gr\u00e1lom povojnov\u00e9ho \u00fasilia v oblasti strojov\u00e9ho prekladu. Ako jeden z \u00faradn\u00fdch jazykov Organiz\u00e1cie Spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rodov je k dispoz\u00edcii obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estvo bilingv\u00e1lneho rusko-anglick\u00e9ho textu pod liber\u00e1lnou licenciou (Ziemski, Junczys-Dowmunt, &amp; Pouliquen, 2016, s. 3530).  <\/p>\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-medium-resource-language-under-experiment-polish\"><strong>Jazyk so stredn\u00fdmi zdrojmi v experimente: po\u013e\u0161tina<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Po\u013e\u0161tina je z\u00e1padoslovansk\u00fd jazyk, ktor\u00fdm hovor\u00ed pribli\u017ene 38 mili\u00f3nov \u013eud\u00ed v dne\u0161nom Po\u013esku, pri\u010dom sa o\u010dak\u00e1va pokles tohto po\u010dtu \u010diasto\u010dne v d\u00f4sledku pand\u00e9mie prebiehaj\u00facej v \u010dase publik\u00e1cie (Associated Press, 2021). \u010eal\u0161\u00edch 10 mili\u00f3nov hovor\u00ed po\u013esky do ur\u010ditej miery aj za hranicami krajiny (Jassem, 2003, s. 103). Ako jeden z \u00faradn\u00fdch jazykov Eur\u00f3pskej \u00fanie je k dispoz\u00edcii ve\u013ek\u00e9 mno\u017estvo bilingv\u00e1lneho textu na tr\u00e9novanie prekladov\u00fdch modelov umelej inteligencie, vr\u00e1tane 22 630 dokumentov Eur\u00f3pskeho parlamentu (Hajlaoui, Kolovratnik, Vaeyrynen, Steinberger, &amp; Varga, 2014, s. 3165).  <\/p>\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-low-resource-language-under-experiment-lemko\"><strong>Jazyk s n\u00edzkymi zdrojmi v experimente: Lemko<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lemko je jazyk s n\u00edzkymi zdrojmi (Scherrer &amp; Rabus, 2019, s. 85), ktor\u00fd sp\u013a\u0148a tradi\u010dn\u00e9 krit\u00e9ri\u00e1 pre klasifik\u00e1ciu ako v\u00fdchodoslovansk\u00fd. Napr\u00edklad Lemko vykazuje v\u00fdchodoslovansk\u00fa pleof\u00f3niu, to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee v\u00fdsledkom praslovansk\u00fdch sekvenci\u00ed \u201e<em>ToRT<\/em>\u201c je <em>ToRoT <\/em>(Fortson IV, 2004, s. 371-372), ako v Lemko <em>horodyty<\/em> \u2018oploti\u0165, ohradi\u0165\u2019 (Horoszczak, 2004, s. 45), ako aj v \u0161tandardnej ukrajin\u010dine <em>horodyty<\/em>, rus\u00edn\u010dine <em>horodyty<\/em> a ru\u0161tine <em>gorodit\u2019<\/em> (Ker\u010da, 2007, s. 176). Medzit\u00fdm porovnajte po\u013e\u0161tinu (z\u00e1padoslovansk\u00fd jazyk) s <em>-ro- <\/em>v<em> grodzi\u0107<\/em>, ale chorv\u00e1t\u010dinu (juhoslovansk\u00fd jazyk) s <em>-ra-<\/em> v <em>graditi,<\/em> \u2018stava\u0165\u2019.   \u010ealej, angli\u010dtina m\u00e1 <em>-ar-<\/em> v <em>yard<\/em> a<em> garden<\/em>, avest\u010dina (staroir\u00e1nsky jazyk) s <em>-\u01ddr\u01dd-<\/em> v <em>g\u01ddr\u01dd\u03b4\u014d<\/em> \u2018jasky\u0148a\u2019, a sanskrit (staroindick\u00fd jazyk) s <em>-\u1e5b- <\/em>v<em> g\u1e5bh\u00e1s<\/em> \u2018domov\u2019 (Vasmer, s. 1443).<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zatia\u013e \u010do presn\u00e1 klasifik\u00e1cia Lemko a jeho status vo vz\u0165ahu k \u0161tandardnej ukrajin\u010dine a kodifikovanej rus\u00edn\u010dine je predmetom kontroverzie (Rabus &amp; Scherrer, 2017), n\u00e1\u0161 Lemko-anglick\u00fd motor, ktor\u00fd dosiahol tak vysok\u00e9 sk\u00f3re bez pou\u017eitia zdrojov \u0161tandardnej ukrajin\u010diny alebo rus\u00edn\u010diny kodifikovanej na Slovensku, by mohol podpori\u0165 z\u00e1ver Watrala (2015), \u017ee Lemko je plnohodnotn\u00fd jazyk s\u00e1m o sebe, a nie dialekt in\u00e9ho jazyka. Povzbuden\u00ed rast\u00facimi objekt\u00edvnymi hodnotami kvality sme sa rozhodli uprednostni\u0165 po\u013esk\u00e9 prenosov\u00e9 u\u010denie kv\u00f4li jeho okam\u017eitej n\u00e1vratnosti invest\u00edci\u00ed z h\u013eadiska presnosti prekladu Lemko, \u010do je na\u0161a najvy\u0161\u0161ia hodnota. Je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee hodnoty kvality boli zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 interferenciou z pozorovanej hybridnej re\u010di, kde s\u00fa gramatick\u00e9 koncovky Lemko sp\u00e4tne prisp\u00f4soben\u00e9 \u0161tandardn\u00fdm po\u013esk\u00fdm slov\u00e1m (Watral, 2016, s. 242).  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Po\u013esk\u00fd \u0161tatistick\u00fd \u00farad zaznamenal v roku 2011 6 279 os\u00f4b hovoriacich Lemko doma, \u010do je n\u00e1rast z 5 605 v roku 2002 <em>(Departament Wyzna\u0144 Religijnych oraz Mniejszo\u015bci Narodowych i Etnicznych<\/em>, 2013, s. 7), pri\u010dom v \u010dase publik\u00e1cie prebiehalo nov\u00e9 s\u010d\u00edtanie. Ko\u013eko z 24 539 obyvate\u013eov Po\u013eska, ktor\u00ed boli v roku 2011 zaznamenan\u00ed ako hovoriaci ukrajinsky doma alebo 626 hovoriacich \u201erus\u00ednsky\u201c (<em>j\u0119zyk ruski<\/em>) s in\u00fdmi \u010dlenmi dom\u00e1cnosti <em>(Departament Wyzna\u0144 Religijnych oraz Mniejszo\u015bci Narodowych i Etnicznych<\/em>, 2013, s. 7), by mohlo by\u0165 hovoriacich Lemko, presahuje rozsah tohto \u010dl\u00e1nku. \u0160t\u00e1tna \u0161tatistick\u00e1 slu\u017eba Ukrajiny zaznamenala 672 Lemkov v r\u00e1mci svojich hran\u00edc (<em>Der\u017eavna slu\u017eba statystyky Ukra\u00efny<\/em>, 2001). Na stupnici ohrozenia jazykov OSN od 0 do 5, kde 0 znamen\u00e1 vyhynut\u00fd a 5 \u201ebezpe\u010dn\u00fd\u201c (Ad Hoc expertn\u00e1 skupina UNESCO pre ohrozen\u00e9 jazyky, 2003, s. 7-8), by sa Lemko bl\u00ed\u017eilo k 2, to znamen\u00e1, <em>v\u00e1\u017ene ohrozen\u00fd<\/em>: prirodzen\u00fd medzigenera\u010dn\u00fd prenos jazyka \u010doraz viac ch\u00fdba a mlad\u0161\u00ed hovoriaci s\u00fa \u010doraz neexistuj\u00faci (Du\u0107-Fajfer, 2016, s. 178). Existuj\u00fa v\u0161ak aj pozit\u00edvne sign\u00e1ly, ke\u010f\u017ee z\u00e1kony, ktor\u00e9 chr\u00e1nia a podporuj\u00fa pou\u017e\u00edvanie men\u0161inov\u00fdch jazykov vo vzdel\u00e1van\u00ed, vysielan\u00ed, vydavate\u013estve, cestnom zna\u010den\u00ed a vede, sa \u010doraz viac vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa (Du\u0107-Fajfer, 2016, s. 178-179).    <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Situ\u00e1cia so zdrojmi sa tie\u017e zlep\u0161uje. Petro Orynycz zostavil a zarovnal bilingv\u00e1lny Lemko-anglick\u00fd korpus, ktor\u00fd obsahuje 68 599 zdrojov\u00fdch slov spolu s jeho prekladmi do angli\u010dtiny (jedin\u00fd existuj\u00faci paraleln\u00fd text, o ktorom vieme). Korpus bol zostaven\u00fd pomocou rozhovorov veden\u00fdch v Lemko nad\u00e1ciou Johna a Helen Timo zo Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov, ktor\u00e1 poverila p\u00e1na Orynycziho, aby ich prep\u00edsal a prelo\u017eil, a tie\u017e mu povolila pou\u017ei\u0165 t\u00fato pr\u00e1cu vo svojom vedeckom v\u00fdskume a v\u00fdvoji. Zhroma\u017e\u010fuje tie\u017e monolingv\u00e1lny Lemko korpus s viac ako mili\u00f3nom slov. Zatia\u013e \u010do komplexn\u00e9 sociolingvistick\u00e9 vz\u0165ahy medzi Lemko, rus\u00ednskymi, \u0161tandardn\u00fdmi ukrajinsk\u00fdmi a slovensk\u00fdmi jazykov\u00fdmi komunitami presahuj\u00fa rozsah tohto \u010dl\u00e1nku, pr\u00e1ve po\u013esk\u00e9 zdroje (konkr\u00e9tne po\u013esk\u00e9 neur\u00f3nov\u00e9 modely) boli k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 pre hybridn\u00e9 Lemko motory p\u00e1na Orynycziho.    <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-hypotheses-and-predictions\" style=\"text-transform:uppercase\">Hypot\u00e9zy a predpovede<\/h2>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-translation-speed\">R\u00fdchlos\u0165 prekladu<\/h3>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-hypothesis-air-gapped-artificial-intelligence-machine-translation-now-as-fast-as-humans\">Hypot\u00e9za: strojov\u00fd preklad s umelou inteligenciou s oddelenou sie\u0165ou je teraz rovnako r\u00fdchly ako \u013eudia<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Predpokladali sme, \u017ee motory neur\u00f3nov\u00e9ho strojov\u00e9ho prekladu be\u017eiace offline na stredne v\u00fdkonn\u00fdch prenosn\u00fdch po\u010d\u00edta\u010doch s\u00fa teraz porovnate\u013en\u00e9 r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou s \u013eudsk\u00fdmi prekladate\u013emi. To bolo zalo\u017een\u00e9 na pozorovaniach po\u010das v\u00fdvoja motora, \u017ee neur\u00f3nov\u00fd strojov\u00fd preklad trval od nieko\u013ek\u00fdch sek\u00fand do menej ako min\u00faty na preklad vety na stredne v\u00fdkonnom prenosnom po\u010d\u00edta\u010di, \u010do je porovnate\u013en\u00e9 s \u013eudsk\u00fdmi r\u00fdchlos\u0165ami, ktor\u00e9 pozoroval Petro Orynycz vo svojej sk\u00fasenosti v lokaliza\u010dnom priemysle. <\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-prediction-machine-translation-engines-will-process-more-words-per-hour-than-human-translators\">Predpove\u010f: motory strojov\u00e9ho prekladu spracuj\u00fa viac slov za hodinu ako \u013eudsk\u00ed prekladatelia<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na z\u00e1klade na\u0161ej hypot\u00e9zy, \u017ee motory neur\u00f3nov\u00e9ho strojov\u00e9ho prekladu s oddelenou sie\u0165ou be\u017eiace offline na stredne v\u00fdkonn\u00fdch prenosn\u00fdch po\u010d\u00edta\u010doch bud\u00fa rovnako r\u00fdchle ako \u013eudia, sme predpovedali, \u017ee ich r\u00fdchlos\u0165 prekon\u00e1 r\u00fdchlos\u0165 \u013eudsk\u00fdch lingvistov a \u017ee prelo\u017eia viac slov za sekundu ako n\u00e1\u0161 \u013eudsk\u00fd kontroln\u00fd subjekt.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-translation-accuracy\">Presnos\u0165 prekladu<\/h3>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-hypothesis-artificial-intelligence-machine-translation-engines-are-now-almost-as-accurate-as-human-translators\">Hypot\u00e9za: motory strojov\u00e9ho prekladu s umelou inteligenciou s\u00fa teraz takmer rovnako presn\u00e9 ako \u013eudsk\u00ed prekladatelia<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To bolo zalo\u017een\u00e9 na profesion\u00e1lnom pozorovan\u00ed Petra Orynycziho ako \u0161pecialistu na kontrolu kvality prekladu, \u017ee komer\u010dn\u00e9 cloudov\u00e9 slu\u017eby neur\u00f3nov\u00e9ho strojov\u00e9ho prekladu sa nielen dramaticky zlep\u0161ili, ale produkovali v\u00fdsledky \u010dasto nerozoznate\u013en\u00e9 od v\u00fdsledkov \u013eudsk\u00fdch lingvistov. <\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-prediction-artificial-intelligence-machine-translation-engines-will-achieve-at-least-75-the-bleu-quality-score-of-professional-human-translators\">Predpove\u010f: motory strojov\u00e9ho prekladu s umelou inteligenciou dosiahnu aspo\u0148 75 % sk\u00f3re kvality BLEU profesion\u00e1lnych \u013eudsk\u00fdch prekladate\u013eov<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zatia\u013e \u010do sme vedeli, \u017ee motory neur\u00f3nov\u00e9ho strojov\u00e9ho prekladu m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 lep\u0161ie ako bilingv\u00e1lni amat\u00e9ri, ktor\u00ed sa prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t pok\u00fa\u0161aj\u00fa preklada\u0165, neverili sme, \u017ee na\u0161e motory prekonaj\u00fa sk\u00fasen\u00fdch, profesion\u00e1lnych lingvistov v priamej s\u00fa\u0165a\u017ei. Na\u0161\u0165astie, na\u0161e pochybnosti mohli by\u0165 podroben\u00e9 sk\u00fa\u0161ke. Algoritmus BLEU (bilingual evaluation understudy) je najdominantnej\u0161ou metrikou pre v\u00fdskum strojov\u00e9ho prekladu, pri\u010dom je jazykovo nez\u00e1visl\u00fd, lacn\u00fd a \u013eahko vypo\u010d\u00edtate\u013en\u00fd, ako aj primerane korelovan\u00fd s \u013eudsk\u00fdmi \u00fasudkami (Post, 2018). Predpovedali sme, \u017ee na\u0161e neur\u00f3nov\u00e9 motory dosiahnu 75 % kvalitat\u00edvnych bodov, ktor\u00e9 z\u00edskal \u013eudsk\u00fd lingvista. Napr\u00edklad, ak \u013eudsk\u00fd lingvista z\u00edskal 40 bodov, neur\u00f3nov\u00fd strojov\u00fd preklad by z\u00edskal 30 bodov. Medzit\u00fdm sme predpovedali, \u017ee n\u00e1\u0161 hybridn\u00fd Lemko-anglick\u00fd motor dosiahne kumulat\u00edvne sk\u00f3re BLEU 15.     <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-translation-security\">Bezpe\u010dnos\u0165 prekladu<\/h3>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-hypothesis-artificial-intelligence-machine-translation-can-be-performed-offline-on-laptops-in-high-security-field-settings\">Hypot\u00e9za: strojov\u00fd preklad s umelou inteligenciou mo\u017eno vykon\u00e1va\u0165 offline na prenosn\u00fdch po\u010d\u00edta\u010doch vo vysoko bezpe\u010dn\u00fdch ter\u00e9nnych podmienkach<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Predpokladali sme, \u017ee neur\u00f3nov\u00fd strojov\u00fd preklad mo\u017eno vykon\u00e1va\u0165 offline na prenosnom zariaden\u00ed s oddelenou sie\u0165ou, \u00faplne odrezanom od vonkaj\u0161ieho sveta. To bolo zalo\u017een\u00e9 na pozorovan\u00ed, \u017ee v\u0161etky komponenty n\u00e1\u0161ho rie\u0161enia nevykon\u00e1vali \u017eiadne volania na internet po nain\u0161talovan\u00ed z\u00e1vislost\u00ed. Implicitn\u00fdm predpokladom je, \u017ee prekladov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my s oddelenou sie\u0165ou s povolen\u00fdm <em>re\u017eimom Lietadlo<\/em> nemo\u017eno vzdialene monitorova\u0165 ani hackn\u00fa\u0165. \u010eal\u0161\u00edm predpokladom je, \u017ee oper\u00e1tori boli nielen riadne preveren\u00ed, ale aj prijali vhodn\u00e9 opatrenia proti extern\u00fdm a intern\u00fdm hrozb\u00e1m. \u010eal\u0161\u00edm implicitn\u00fdm predpokladom je, \u017ee je jednoduch\u0161ie chr\u00e1ni\u0165 len jednu mobiln\u00fa pracovn\u00fa stanicu po dobu nieko\u013ek\u00fdch hod\u00edn, ne\u017e zabr\u00e1ni\u0165 \u013eudsk\u00fdm lingvistom, ktor\u00ed zar\u00e1baj\u00fa v priemere 25,01 USD za hodinu (Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor, 2021), v neopr\u00e1vnenom zverej\u0148ovan\u00ed inform\u00e1ci\u00ed po\u010das cel\u00e9ho \u017eivota, najm\u00e4 vzh\u013eadom na spr\u00e1vy o zatknut\u00ed lingvistov pre podozrenie z \u00faniku tajomstiev (Department of Justice Office of Public Affairs, 2009, 2018, 2020).    <\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-prediction-artificial-intelligence-machine-translation-will-succeed-on-an-air-gapped-lenovo-legion-y730-17ich-laptop-computer-running-offline-in-airplane-mode\">Predpove\u010f: strojov\u00fd preklad s umelou inteligenciou bude \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fd na prenosnom po\u010d\u00edta\u010di Lenovo Legion Y730-17ICH s oddelenou sie\u0165ou, be\u017eiacom offline v re\u017eime Lietadlo<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Predpovedali sme, \u017ee n\u00e1\u0161 prekladov\u00fd syst\u00e9m nebude zlyh\u00e1va\u0165 a dokon\u010d\u00ed svoje \u00falohy, ke\u010f bude fyzicky oddelen\u00fd a odpojen\u00fd od v\u0161etk\u00fdch siet\u00ed alebo zariaden\u00ed aktiv\u00e1ciou funkcie Re\u017eim Lietadlo syst\u00e9mu Windows 10 Pro na prenosnom po\u010d\u00edta\u010di Lenovo Legion Y730-17ICH (Typ 81HG).<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-hybrid-rule-dictionary-based-and-neural-lemko-english-engine\">Hybridn\u00fd motor Lemko-anglick\u00fd zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidl\u00e1ch\/slovn\u00edku a neur\u00f3novej sieti<\/h3>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-hypothesis-hybrid-dictionary-rule-based-engines-improve-machine-translation-accuracy\">Hypot\u00e9za: hybridn\u00e9 motory zalo\u017een\u00e9 na slovn\u00edku\/pravidl\u00e1ch zlep\u0161uj\u00fa presnos\u0165 strojov\u00e9ho prekladu<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Predpokladali sme, \u017ee n\u00e1\u0161 po\u013esko-Lemko motor strojov\u00e9ho prekladu zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidl\u00e1ch (RBMT), po\u013esko-Lemko motor strojov\u00e9ho prekladu zalo\u017een\u00fd na slovn\u00edku (DBMT), Lemko-po\u013esk\u00fd motor DBMT spusten\u00fd reverzne a neur\u00f3nov\u00fd po\u013esko-anglick\u00fd motor by mohli by\u0165 synergicky spojen\u00e9 do hybridn\u00e9ho motora, ktor\u00fd dosahuje vy\u0161\u0161ie hodnoty kvality s ka\u017edou \u010fal\u0161ou \u010das\u0165ou. T\u00e1to hypot\u00e9za bola zalo\u017een\u00e1 na pozorovaniach autora, ktor\u00fd pracoval ako profesion\u00e1lny Lemko-anglick\u00fd prekladate\u013e, \u017ee zhody medzi Lemko a po\u013e\u0161tinou boli dostato\u010dne \u010dast\u00e9 na to, aby hybridn\u00fd motor bol \u017eivotaschopn\u00fdm n\u00e1vrhom. <\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-prediction-each-sub-engine-added-to-our-hybrid-lemko-english-engine-will-increase-bleu-by-5-points\">Predikcia: ka\u017ed\u00fd podmotor pridan\u00fd do n\u00e1\u0161ho hybridn\u00e9ho Lemko-anglick\u00e9ho motora zv\u00fd\u0161i BLEU o 5 bodov<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Predpokladali sme, \u017ee pre ka\u017ed\u00fd Lemko-po\u013esk\u00fd podmotor zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidl\u00e1ch alebo slovn\u00edku, ktor\u00fd sme pridali do n\u00e1\u0161ho hybridn\u00e9ho Lemko-anglick\u00e9ho motora, sa celkov\u00e9 sk\u00f3re presnosti BLEU zv\u00fd\u0161i o 5 bodov.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-introduction-to-methods-and-justification\">\u00davod do met\u00f3d a zd\u00f4vodnenie<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Postavili sme \u010dloveka proti stroju t\u00fdm, \u017ee sme obom dali stredne v\u00fdkonn\u00fd, vzduchom oddelen\u00fd laptop s na\u0161\u00edm vlastn\u00fdm programom po\u010d\u00edta\u010dom podporovan\u00e9ho prekladu (podrobne op\u00edsan\u00fdm ni\u017e\u0161ie), zatia\u013e \u010do boli offline v re\u017eime Lietadlo syst\u00e9mu Windows. Zaznamenali sme r\u00fdchlos\u0165 a presnos\u0165 prekladu z ru\u0161tiny do angli\u010dtiny (jazykov\u00fd p\u00e1r s vysok\u00fdmi zdrojmi), z po\u013e\u0161tiny do angli\u010dtiny (p\u00e1r so stredn\u00fdmi zdrojmi) a z Lemko do angli\u010dtiny (p\u00e1r s n\u00edzkymi zdrojmi). Na vyjadrenie r\u00fdchlosti sme pou\u017eili metriku slov za hodinu, preto\u017ee je to hlavn\u00e1 metrika pre mana\u017e\u00e9rov lokaliza\u010dn\u00fdch projektov, ako aj pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 vo vedeckej literat\u00fare (Macken, Prou, &amp; Tezcan, 2020, s. 4). Na meranie presnosti sme pou\u017eili metriku BLEU, preto\u017ee je najroz\u0161\u00edrenej\u0161ia v oblasti v\u00fdskumu a v\u00fdvoja (Post, 2018).   <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-principal-results-in-brief\">Hlavn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky v skratke<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nielen\u017ee sme dok\u00e1zali aplikova\u0165 prelomov\u00fa technol\u00f3giu neur\u00f3nov\u00e9ho strojov\u00e9ho prekladu na pou\u017eitie umelej inteligencie na vzduchom oddelenom, offline laptope v re\u017eime Lietadlo na preklad jazyka s vysok\u00fdmi zdrojmi (ru\u0161tina) viac ako 10-kr\u00e1t r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie ako n\u00e1\u0161 \u013eudsk\u00fd lingvista, ale kvalita n\u00e1\u0161ho stroja bola o viac ako 58 percent \u201elep\u0161ia ako \u013eudsk\u00e1\u201c. Okrem toho sme prv\u00fd t\u00edm na svete, ktor\u00fd publikoval v\u00fdsledky pre Lemko prekladov\u00e9 motory v vedeckom \u010dasopise. <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-materials-and-methods\" style=\"text-transform:uppercase\">Materi\u00e1ly a met\u00f3dy<\/h2>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-introduction-0\">\u00davod<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na otestovanie na\u0161ich predpoved\u00ed sme zostrojili nieko\u013eko motorov umelej inteligencie a hybridn\u00fdch prekladov\u00fdch motorov, vypo\u010d\u00edtali ich r\u00fdchlos\u0165 a presnos\u0165 na vzduchom oddelenom laptope v re\u017eime Lietadlo syst\u00e9mu Windows a to ist\u00e9 sme urobili s profesion\u00e1lnym lingvistom, aby sme n\u00e1\u0161 experiment kontrolovali.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-lab-set-up\">Nastavenie laborat\u00f3ria<\/h3>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-hardware\">Hardv\u00e9r<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pou\u017eili sme laptop Lenovo Legion Y730-17ICH (typ 81HG) s opera\u010dn\u00fdm syst\u00e9mom Windows 10 Pro (64-bit). Model bol ukon\u010den\u00fd a v \u010dase publik\u00e1cie sa pred\u00e1va za pribli\u017ene 850 USD, z druhej ruky. <\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-operating-system\">Opera\u010dn\u00fd syst\u00e9m<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Virtualizovan\u00fd opera\u010dn\u00fd syst\u00e9m pou\u017eit\u00fd pre experiment bol Linux Subsystem pre Windows, a presnej\u0161ie, Ubuntu 18.04 LTS nain\u0161talovan\u00fd prostredn\u00edctvom platformy digit\u00e1lnej distrib\u00facie <em>Microsoft Store<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-dependencies\">Z\u00e1vislosti<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Python 3.8 bol nain\u0161talovan\u00fd pomocou pr\u00edkazu <code>sudo apt install python3.8<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pr\u00edkaz sudo <code>python3.8 -m pip install \u2013upgrade<\/code> bol pou\u017eit\u00fd na in\u0161tal\u00e1ciu hlavn\u00fdch z\u00e1vislost\u00ed, vr\u00e1tane <code>bleu, fastBPE, hydra-core, python-dev-tools, PyYAML, omegaconf, pip, pytz, nltk, setuptools, sacremoses, subword-nmt, torch, and torchvision<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-toolkits\">Sady n\u00e1strojov<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nain\u0161talovali sme Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence Toolkit spusten\u00edm nasleduj\u00facich pr\u00edkazov:<\/p>\n\n<p><code>sudo git clone <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/pytorch\/fairseq\">https:\/\/github.com\/pytorch\/fairseq<\/a><br\/>cd fairseq<br\/>sudo python3.8 -m pip install --upgrade --ignore-installed PyYAML --editable .\/<\/code><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dokument\u00e1cia a technick\u00e1 podpora s\u00fa k dispoz\u00edcii na  <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/pytorch\/fairseq\" rel=\"nofollow\"><code>https:\/\/github.com\/pytorch\/fairseq<\/code><\/a><\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-neural-machine-translation-models\">Modely neur\u00f3nov\u00e9ho strojov\u00e9ho prekladu<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pre na\u0161e neur\u00f3nov\u00e9 po\u013esko-anglick\u00e9 a hybridn\u00e9 Lemko-anglick\u00e9 motory sme pou\u017eili konvolu\u010dn\u00fd model S\u0142awomira Dadasa pre po\u013esko-anglick\u00fd jazyk, dostupn\u00fd a zdokumentovan\u00fd v jeho \u00falo\u017eisku Polish Natural Language Processing (NLP) Resources (Dadas, 2019).<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Model:  <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/sdadas\/polish-nlp-resources\/releases\/download\/nmt-models-conv\/polish-english-conv.zip\" rel=\"nofollow\"><code>https:\/\/github.com\/sdadas\/polish-nlp-resources\/releases\/download\/nmt-models-conv\/polish-english-conv.zip<\/code><\/a><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dokument\u00e1cia:  <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/sdadas\/polish-nlp-resources#machine-translation-models\" rel=\"nofollow\"><code>https:\/\/github.com\/sdadas\/polish-nlp-resources#machine-translation-models<\/code><\/a><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pre n\u00e1\u0161 rusko-anglick\u00fd motor sme vyu\u017eili predtr\u00e9novan\u00fd model transform\u00e1tora Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence (FAIRseq) z ru\u0161tiny do angli\u010dtiny bez jemn\u00e9ho doladenia, ktor\u00fd bol predlo\u017een\u00fd na \u0160tvrt\u00fa konferenciu o strojovom preklade (WMT19) v roku 2019.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Model: <a href=\"https:\/\/dl.fbaipublicfiles.com\/fairseq\/models\/wmt19.ru-en.ffn8192.tar.gz\" rel=\"nofollow\"><code>https:\/\/dl.fbaipublicfiles.com\/fairseq\/models\/wmt19.ru-en.ffn8192.tar.gz<\/code><\/a><br\/>Dokument\u00e1cia:  <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/pytorch\/fairseq\/tree\/master\/examples\/wmt19\" rel=\"nofollow\"><code>https:\/\/github.com\/pytorch\/fairseq\/tree\/master\/examples\/wmt19<\/code><\/a><\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-electronic-dictionaries\">Elektronick\u00e9 slovn\u00edky<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u00e1\u0161 profesion\u00e1lny lingvista mal povolen\u00fd offline pr\u00edstup k elektronick\u00fdm verzi\u00e1m <em>Nov\u00e9ho po\u013esko-anglick\u00e9ho slovn\u00edka Ko\u015bciuszko Foundation <\/em>(12,99 USD), ako aj k <em>Oxfordsk\u00e9mu rusko-anglick\u00e9mu slovn\u00edku<\/em> (19,99 USD). Oba boli zak\u00fapen\u00e9 prostredn\u00edctvom Microsoft Store. Jaroslava Horoszczaka Lemko-po\u013esk\u00fd a po\u013esko-Lemko slovn\u00edk (2004) bol tie\u017e k dispoz\u00edcii n\u00e1\u0161mu lingvistovi na offline pou\u017eitie.  <\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-experiment-control\">Kontrola experimentu<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Experiment bol kontrolovan\u00fd tak, \u017ee profesion\u00e1lny \u013eudsk\u00fd lingvista sedel pri vzduchom oddelenom laptope v re\u017eime Lietadlo, pri\u010dom na stroji boli k dispoz\u00edcii spom\u00ednan\u00e9 elektronick\u00e9 slovn\u00edky. Lingvista stla\u010dil kl\u00e1ves Enter, vtedy sa spustil \u010dasova\u010d a zobrazila sa zdrojov\u00e1 veta na preklad. Lingvista mal povolen\u00e9 p\u00edsa\u0165 svoj preklad v programe Microsoft Word (aby vyu\u017eil jeho funkciu kontroly pravopisu a in\u00e9 pom\u00f4cky na spracovanie textu) a potom ho vlo\u017ei\u0165 do n\u00e1\u0161ho vlastn\u00e9ho programu po\u010d\u00edta\u010dom podporovan\u00e9ho prekladu. Po op\u00e4tovnom stla\u010den\u00ed kl\u00e1vesu Enter bol \u013eudsk\u00fd preklad odoslan\u00fd a \u010dasova\u010d sa zastavil. R\u00fdchlos\u0165 \u013eudsk\u00e9ho lingvistu v slov\u00e1ch za hodinu a presnos\u0165 v sk\u00f3re BLEU boli vypo\u010d\u00edtan\u00e9 pre ka\u017ed\u00fa prelo\u017een\u00fa vetu.    <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Petro Orynycz, ktor\u00fd m\u00e1 dve desa\u0165ro\u010dia sk\u00fasenost\u00ed ako rusko-po\u013esk\u00fd lingvista, po\u013esk\u00fd univerzitn\u00fd titul z ru\u0161tiny a viac ako 5 rokov sk\u00fasenost\u00ed ako profesion\u00e1lny Lemko-anglick\u00fd prekladate\u013e, sl\u00fa\u017eil ako kontroln\u00fd subjekt. Vykon\u00e1val sp\u00e4tn\u00e9 preklady rusk\u00fdch a po\u013esk\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov uveden\u00fdch ni\u017e\u0161ie, ako aj anglick\u00e9 preklady z Lemko. <\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-experiment-material-reference-translations\">Experiment\u00e1lny materi\u00e1l: referen\u010dn\u00e9 preklady<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rusko-anglick\u00fd a po\u013esko-anglick\u00fd text pre experiment bol z\u00edskan\u00fd z vzdel\u00e1vac\u00edch materi\u00e1lov zdie\u013ean\u00fdch s verejnos\u0165ou a prelo\u017een\u00fdch z angli\u010dtiny do ru\u0161tiny a po\u013e\u0161tiny publik\u00e1ciou <em>NATO Review<\/em> Organiz\u00e1cie Severoatlantickej zmluvy (NATO). Citujem: \u201eReprodukcia \u010dast\u00ed, \u00faryvkov alebo \u010dl\u00e1nkov NATO Review je povolen\u00e1 na nekomer\u010dn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely, za nasleduj\u00facej podmienky: mus\u00ed by\u0165 uveden\u00fd zdroj, NATO Review.\u201c Ako je \u0161tandardn\u00e1 prax (Post, 2018), korpusov\u00e9 \u00fadaje boli vy\u010disten\u00e9 a normalizovan\u00e9 zmenou textu na mal\u00e9 p\u00edsmen\u00e1 a tokeniz\u00e1ciou. Dbalo sa na to, aby bol zdrojov\u00fd text a cie\u013eov\u00e9 preklady zarovnan\u00e9 na \u00farovni viet.   <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pre tento experiment sme pou\u017eili predn\u00e1\u0161ku Dr. Jamieho Shea, vtedaj\u0161ieho z\u00e1stupcu gener\u00e1lneho tajomn\u00edka NATO pre vznikaj\u00face bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e9 v\u00fdzvy. Jej n\u00e1zov je <em>\u010co sa dnes m\u00f4\u017eeme nau\u010di\u0165 od \u201eTroch m\u00fadrych mu\u017eov\u201c?<\/em> Anglick\u00fd origin\u00e1lny text predn\u00e1\u0161ky Dr. Shea a jej preklady do ru\u0161tiny a po\u013e\u0161tiny, ktor\u00e9 si objednalo NATO, boli z\u00edskan\u00e9 z nasleduj\u00facich jednotn\u00fdch lok\u00e1torov zdrojov: <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anglick\u00fd origin\u00e1l:  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nato.int\/docu\/review\/articles\/2016\/12\/05\/what-can-we-learn-today-from-the-three-wise-men\/index.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"><code>https:\/\/www.nato.int\/docu\/review\/articles\/2016\/12\/05\/what-can-we-learn-today-from-the-three-wise-men\/index.html<\/code><\/a><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rusk\u00fd preklad:  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nato.int\/docu\/review\/ru\/articles\/2016\/12\/05\/chemu-my-moyoem-nauchit-sya-segodnya-u-treh-mudretsov\/index.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"><code>https:\/\/www.nato.int\/docu\/review\/ru\/articles\/2016\/12\/05\/chemu-my-moyoem-nauchit-sya-segodnya-u-treh-mudretsov\/index.html<\/code><\/a><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Po\u013esk\u00fd preklad:  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nato.int\/docu\/review\/pl\/articles\/2016\/12\/05\/czego-mozemy-nauczyc-sie-dzisiaj-od-trzech-medrcow\/index.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"><code>https:\/\/www.nato.int\/docu\/review\/pl\/articles\/2016\/12\/05\/czego-mozemy-nauczyc-sie-dzisiaj-od-trzech-medrcow\/index.html<\/code><\/a><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Materi\u00e1l Lemko-angli\u010dtina pre experiment zah\u0155\u0148al osobn\u00e9 rozhovory zaznamenan\u00e9 nad\u00e1ciou John &amp; Helen Timo zo Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov, ktor\u00e1 si najala Petra Orynycziho na prepis rozhovorov a ich preklad do angli\u010dtiny. Nad\u00e1cia nesk\u00f4r l\u00e1skavo darovala v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 dvojjazy\u010dn\u00e9 korpusy na vedeck\u00fd v\u00fdskum a v\u00fdvoj. Na ochranu s\u00fakromia os\u00f4b, o ktor\u00fdch sa hovorilo v rozhovoroch, a z \u00facty k V\u0161eobecn\u00e9mu nariadeniu o ochrane \u00fadajov Eur\u00f3pskej \u00fanie (GDPR), materi\u00e1ly neboli spr\u00edstupnen\u00e9 verejnosti. Pred zdie\u013ean\u00edm vzoriek sa db\u00e1 na redigovanie ak\u00fdchko\u013evek osobne identifikovate\u013en\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed (PII) a osobn\u00fdch zdravotn\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed (PHI).   <\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-method-for-scoring-translation-accuracy-bleu\">Met\u00f3da hodnotenia presnosti prekladu: BLEU<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Metrika BLEU (bilingual understudy evaluation) bola pou\u017eit\u00e1 na meranie podobnosti s referen\u010dn\u00fdm prekladom, a teda, akoko\u013evek nedokonale, presnosti. Hoci sk\u00f3re BLEU nie je dokonalou mierou presnosti alebo kvality, je to najpou\u017e\u00edvanej\u0161ia metrika v priemysle (Post, 2018). Modul Python bol z\u00edskan\u00fd z bal\u00edka Python bleu, zdokumentovan\u00e9ho na nasleduj\u00facom jednotnom lok\u00e1tore zdrojov:    <a href=\"https:\/\/pypi.org\/project\/bleu\/\" rel=\"nofollow\"><code>https:\/\/pypi.org\/project\/bleu\/<\/code><\/a><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Uistili sme sa, \u017ee ke\u010f boli dan\u00e9 referen\u010dn\u00e9 re\u0165azce viet <code>\u201cit is a white cat .\u201d<\/code> a <code>\u201cwow , this dog is huge .\u201d<\/code> spolu s kandid\u00e1tskymi hypot\u00e9zami <code>\u201cit is a white kitten .\u201d<\/code> a <code>\u201cwowww , the dog is huge !\u201d<\/code>, n\u00e1\u0161 syst\u00e9m vypo\u010d\u00edtal kumulat\u00edvne sk\u00f3re BLEU 34,99, v s\u00falade s dokument\u00e1ciou pre bal\u00edk Python <code>bleu<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-method-for-normalizing-and-cleaning-text\">Met\u00f3da normaliz\u00e1cie a \u010distenia textu<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u0161etok text bol preveden\u00fd na mal\u00e9 p\u00edsmen\u00e1 a pred a za v\u0161etky interpunk\u010dn\u00e9 znamienka bola pridan\u00e1 medzera, aby syst\u00e9m nepredpokladal, napr\u00edklad, \u017ee \u201eMa\u010dka\u201c a \u201ema\u010dka.\u201c s\u00fa r\u00f4zne slov\u00e1. Tak\u017ee \u201eJe to biela ma\u010dka.\u201c by sa normalizovalo na \u201eje to biela ma\u010dka .\u201c Viacn\u00e1sobn\u00e9 medzery a in\u00e9 sekvencie bielych znakov boli nahraden\u00e9 jednou medzerou pomocou met\u00f3d Python split() a join().  <\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-method-for-counting-words\">Met\u00f3da po\u010d\u00edtania slov<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Po\u010det slov na vetu bol ur\u010den\u00fd rozdelen\u00edm normalizovan\u00e9ho textov\u00e9ho re\u0165azca na pole pomocou medzery ako odde\u013eova\u010da a n\u00e1sledn\u00fdm spo\u010d\u00edtan\u00edm polo\u017eiek v tomto poli.<\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-method-for-measuring-translation-speed\">Met\u00f3da merania r\u00fdchlosti prekladu<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V momente, ke\u010f \u013eudsk\u00fd prekladate\u013e stla\u010dil kl\u00e1ves Enter na za\u010datie prekladu vety, zavolali sme met\u00f3du Python time.time() na z\u00edskanie po\u010dtu sek\u00fand od polnoci koordinovan\u00e9ho univerz\u00e1lneho \u010dasu (UTC) 1. janu\u00e1ra 1970 ako \u010d\u00edsla s pohyblivou desatinnou \u010diarkou, be\u017ene ozna\u010dovan\u00e9ho ako <em>Unixov\u00fd \u010das<\/em>, a toto \u010d\u00edslo sme pou\u017eili ako \u010das za\u010diatku pre \u010dloveka. Z\u00edskali sme aj Unixov\u00fd \u010das, ke\u010f na\u0161e motory strojov\u00e9ho prekladu prevzali vetu na preklad. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Moment, ke\u010f \u013eudsk\u00fd lingvista stla\u010dil kl\u00e1ves Enter na odoslanie svojho prekladu vety alebo ke\u010f stroj vr\u00e1til svoj preklad vety, bol pou\u017eit\u00fd ako \u010das ukon\u010denia. Od\u010d\u00edtan\u00edm \u010dasu za\u010diatku od \u010dasu ukon\u010denia sme z\u00edskali celkov\u00fd po\u010det sek\u00fand, ktor\u00e9 trval preklad vety. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Slov\u00e1 za hodinu sme vypo\u010d\u00edtali vydelen\u00edm rozdielu medzi Unixov\u00fdm \u010dasom ukon\u010denia a za\u010diatku po\u010dtom slov, ako je vypo\u010d\u00edtan\u00e9 vy\u0161\u0161ie, a vyn\u00e1soben\u00edm tohto podielu \u010d\u00edslom 3600 (\u010do je 60 60, teda po\u010det sek\u00fand v hodine):<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>R\u00fdchlos\u0165<\/strong> = (\u010cas_ukon\u010denia_prekladu \u2212 \u010cas_za\u010diatku_prekladu) \/ Celkov\u00fd_po\u010det_prelo\u017een\u00fdch_slov \u00d7 3600<\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-method-for-physically-isolating-and-air-gapping-equipment\">Met\u00f3da fyzickej izol\u00e1cie a vzduchov\u00e9ho oddelenia zariadenia<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zariadenie pou\u017eit\u00e9 v experimente bolo odrezan\u00e9 od vonkaj\u0161ieho sveta nielen prostredn\u00edctvom jeho fyzickej izol\u00e1cie, ale aj pou\u017eit\u00edm funkcie Re\u017eim Lietadlo v syst\u00e9me Microsoft Windows 10 Pro, ktor\u00e1 pod\u013ea jeho dokument\u00e1cie vyp\u00edna v\u0161etky bezdr\u00f4tov\u00e9 komunik\u00e1cie na stroji, vr\u00e1tane bezdr\u00f4tovej siete IEEE 802.11b Direct Sequence, mobilnej siete, Bluetooth, Global Positioning System a Near Field Communication.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-results\" style=\"text-transform:uppercase\">V\u00fdsledky<\/h2>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-translation-speed-the-higher-resource-the-language-pair-the-faster-the-engine\">R\u00fdchlos\u0165 prekladu: \u010d\u00edm viac zdrojov m\u00e1 jazykov\u00fd p\u00e1r, t\u00fdm r\u00fdchlej\u0161\u00ed je motor<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Stroj prekonal \u010dloveka v r\u00fdchlosti prekladu pre jazykov\u00fd p\u00e1r s vysok\u00fdmi zdrojmi (rusko-anglick\u00fd) a p\u00e1r so stredn\u00fdmi zdrojmi (po\u013esko-anglick\u00fd), v s\u00falade s na\u0161ou hypot\u00e9zou, \u017ee neur\u00f3nov\u00fd strojov\u00fd preklad je r\u00fdchlej\u0161\u00ed ako \u013eudia, a predpove\u010fou, \u017ee na\u0161e neur\u00f3nov\u00e9 motory prelo\u017eia viac slov za hodinu. Pri preklade z ru\u0161tiny n\u00e1\u0161 motor dosiahol priemerne viac ako 6 456 slov za hodinu, \u010do bolo o 1 170 % r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie ako n\u00e1\u0161 \u013eudsk\u00fd lingvista. Pri preklade z po\u013e\u0161tiny bol n\u00e1\u0161 neur\u00f3nov\u00fd motor o 488 % r\u00fdchlej\u0161\u00ed ako n\u00e1\u0161 \u013eudsk\u00fd prekladate\u013e, s priemerom 3 768 slov za hodinu. Pre jazykov\u00fd p\u00e1r s n\u00edzkymi zdrojmi (Lemko-anglick\u00fd) n\u00e1\u0161 hybridn\u00fd neur\u00f3nov\u00fd a slovn\u00edkov\u00fd\/pravidlov\u00fd motor dosiahol 707 slov za hodinu, \u010do sa takmer vyrovnalo n\u00e1\u0161mu \u013eudsk\u00e9mu lingvistovi, ktor\u00fd bol o 13 % r\u00fdchlej\u0161\u00ed s 798 slovami za hodinu. Odstr\u00e1nenie v\u00e1hy slovn\u00edkovej zlo\u017eky hybridn\u00e9ho motora takmer \u0161tvorn\u00e1sobne zv\u00fd\u0161ilo r\u00fdchlos\u0165 na 3 137 slov za hodinu, \u010do je o 293 % r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie ako \u010dlovek, za cenu 13 % poklesu presnosti.    <\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"petro-fig\">\n  <!-- Inline SVG chart (no JS) -->\n  <svg class=\"petro-chart\" viewbox=\"0 0 960 640\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Human versus Machine Translation Speed, Words per Hour. Russian-English, Polish-English, and Lemko-English comparisons.\">\n    <style>\n      .petro-chart text{font-family: Georgia, serif; fill:#111}\n      .petro-title{font-size:22px; font-weight:700}\n      .petro-label{font-size:16px}\n      .petro-tick{font-size:14px; fill:#111}\n      .petro-val{font-size:14px}\n      .petro-axis{stroke:#bbb; stroke-width:1; shape-rendering:crispEdges}\n      .petro-grid{stroke:#ddd; stroke-width:1; shape-rendering:crispEdges}\n      .petro-legend{font-size:14px}\n    <\/style>\n\n    <!-- Title -->\n    <text x=\"480\" y=\"42\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"petro-title\">\n      Human versus Machine Translation Speed, Words per Hour\n    <\/text>\n\n    <!-- Grid + axis -->\n    <g>\n      <line x1=\"300\" y1=\"90\" x2=\"300\" y2=\"420\" class=\"petro-axis\"><\/line>\n      <line x1=\"388.6\" y1=\"90\" x2=\"388.6\" y2=\"420\" class=\"petro-grid\"><\/line>\n      <line x1=\"477.1\" y1=\"90\" x2=\"477.1\" y2=\"420\" class=\"petro-grid\"><\/line>\n      <line x1=\"565.7\" y1=\"90\" x2=\"565.7\" y2=\"420\" class=\"petro-grid\"><\/line>\n      <line x1=\"654.3\" y1=\"90\" x2=\"654.3\" y2=\"420\" class=\"petro-grid\"><\/line>\n      <line x1=\"742.9\" y1=\"90\" x2=\"742.9\" y2=\"420\" class=\"petro-grid\"><\/line>\n      <line x1=\"831.4\" y1=\"90\" x2=\"831.4\" y2=\"420\" class=\"petro-grid\"><\/line>\n      <line x1=\"920\" y1=\"90\" x2=\"920\" y2=\"420\" class=\"petro-grid\"><\/line>\n\n      <text x=\"300\" y=\"448\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"petro-tick\">0<\/text>\n      <text x=\"388.6\" y=\"448\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"petro-tick\">1000<\/text>\n      <text x=\"477.1\" y=\"448\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"petro-tick\">2000<\/text>\n      <text x=\"565.7\" y=\"448\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"petro-tick\">3000<\/text>\n      <text x=\"654.3\" y=\"448\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"petro-tick\">4000<\/text>\n      <text x=\"742.9\" y=\"448\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"petro-tick\">5000<\/text>\n      <text x=\"831.4\" y=\"448\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"petro-tick\">6000<\/text>\n      <text x=\"920\" y=\"448\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"petro-tick\">7000<\/text>\n    <\/g>\n\n    <!-- Category labels (FIXED: right-aligned so they don't collide with axis at x=300) -->\n    <text x=\"290\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"petro-label\">Russian-English (High-Resource Pair)<\/text>\n    <text x=\"290\" y=\"255\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"petro-label\">Polish-English (Medium-Resource Pair)<\/text>\n    <text x=\"290\" y=\"370\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"petro-label\">Lemko-English (Low-Resource Pair)<\/text>\n\n    <!-- Bars (scale: width = value\/7000*620) -->\n    <!-- Colors: Human #2b6cb0 | NMT alone #c53030 | Hybrid dict\/rule + NMT #38b2ac | Dict + NMT #805ad5 | Rules + NMT #6b8e23 -->\n\n    <!-- Russian-English -->\n    <rect x=\"300\" y=\"130\" width=\"571.5\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#c53030\"><\/rect>\n    <text x=\"885\" y=\"144\" class=\"petro-val\">6456<\/text>\n\n    <rect x=\"300\" y=\"155\" width=\"45.1\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#2b6cb0\"><\/rect>\n    <text x=\"352\" y=\"169\" class=\"petro-val\">509<\/text>\n\n    <!-- Polish-English -->\n    <rect x=\"300\" y=\"245\" width=\"333.7\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#c53030\"><\/rect>\n    <text x=\"643\" y=\"259\" class=\"petro-val\">3768<\/text>\n\n    <rect x=\"300\" y=\"270\" width=\"56.7\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#2b6cb0\"><\/rect>\n    <text x=\"366\" y=\"284\" class=\"petro-val\">640<\/text>\n\n    <!-- Lemko-English -->\n    <rect x=\"300\" y=\"330\" width=\"277.9\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#6b8e23\"><\/rect>\n    <text x=\"588\" y=\"344\" class=\"petro-val\">3137<\/text>\n\n    <rect x=\"300\" y=\"355\" width=\"62.6\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#38b2ac\"><\/rect>\n    <text x=\"372\" y=\"369\" class=\"petro-val\">707<\/text>\n\n    <rect x=\"300\" y=\"380\" width=\"66.6\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#805ad5\"><\/rect>\n    <text x=\"377\" y=\"394\" class=\"petro-val\">752<\/text>\n\n    <rect x=\"300\" y=\"405\" width=\"70.7\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#2b6cb0\"><\/rect>\n    <text x=\"382\" y=\"419\" class=\"petro-val\">798<\/text>\n\n    <!-- Legend -->\n    <g transform=\"translate(40,490)\">\n      <rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" fill=\"#38b2ac\"><\/rect>\n      <text x=\"22\" y=\"12\" class=\"petro-legend\">\n        Romanization + Hybrid Dictionary\/Rule-Based Lemko-Polish MT + Polish-English Neural Translation\n      <\/text>\n\n      <rect x=\"0\" y=\"24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" fill=\"#805ad5\"><\/rect>\n      <text x=\"22\" y=\"36\" class=\"petro-legend\">\n        Romanization + Dictionary-Based Lemko-Polish MT + Polish-English Neural Translation\n      <\/text>\n\n      <rect x=\"0\" y=\"48\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" fill=\"#6b8e23\"><\/rect>\n      <text x=\"22\" y=\"60\" class=\"petro-legend\">\n        Romanization + Rule-Based Lemko-Polish MT + Polish-English Neural Translation\n      <\/text>\n\n      <rect x=\"0\" y=\"72\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" fill=\"#c53030\"><\/rect>\n      <text x=\"22\" y=\"84\" class=\"petro-legend\">\n        Artificial Intelligence Neural Machine Translation Alone\n      <\/text>\n\n      <rect x=\"0\" y=\"96\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" fill=\"#2b6cb0\"><\/rect>\n      <text x=\"22\" y=\"108\" class=\"petro-legend\">\n        Professional human translation\n      <\/text>\n    <\/g>\n  <\/svg>\n\n  <figcaption class=\"petro-cap\">\n    <strong>Obr\u00e1zok 1.<\/strong>  R\u00fdchlos\u0165 prekladu profesion\u00e1lneho \u010dloveka verzus stroja (slov\u00e1\/hodina) na vzduchom oddelenom stredne v\u00fdkonnom laptope (re\u017eim lietadlo): rusko-anglick\u00fd (vysok\u00e9 zdroje) vs po\u013esko-anglick\u00fd (stredn\u00e9 zdroje) vs Lemko-anglick\u00fd (n\u00edzke zdroje).\n  <\/figcaption>\n\n  <!-- Hidden table: makes the data impossible for crawlers\/LLMs to miss -->\n  <table class=\"petro-sr-only\" aria-hidden=\"false\">\n    <caption>\u00dadaje k obr\u00e1zku 1: r\u00fdchlos\u0165 prekladu (slov\u00e1 za hodinu)<\/caption>\n    <thead>\n      <tr>\n        <th scope=\"col\">Jazykov\u00fd p\u00e1r<\/th>\n        <th scope=\"col\">Met\u00f3da<\/th>\n        <th scope=\"col\">Slov\u00e1\/hodina<\/th>\n      <\/tr>\n    <\/thead>\n    <tbody>\n      <tr><td>Rusko\u2013angli\u010dtina<\/td><td>Profesion\u00e1lny \u010dlovek<\/td><td>509<\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>Rusko\u2013angli\u010dtina<\/td><td>Len NMT<\/td><td>6456<\/td><\/tr>\n\n      <tr><td>Po\u013esko\u2013angli\u010dtina<\/td><td>Profesion\u00e1lny \u010dlovek<\/td><td>640<\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>Po\u013esko\u2013angli\u010dtina<\/td><td>Len NMT<\/td><td>3768<\/td><\/tr>\n\n      <tr><td>Lemko\u2013angli\u010dtina<\/td><td>Profesion\u00e1lny \u010dlovek<\/td><td>798<\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>Lemko\u2013angli\u010dtina<\/td><td>Romaniz\u00e1cia + hybridn\u00fd slovn\u00edkov\u00fd\/pravidlov\u00fd Lemko\u2192po\u013esk\u00fd MT + po\u013esko\u2192anglick\u00fd NMT<\/td><td>707<\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>Lemko\u2013angli\u010dtina<\/td><td>Romaniz\u00e1cia + slovn\u00edkov\u00fd Lemko\u2192po\u013esk\u00fd MT + po\u013esko\u2192anglick\u00fd NMT<\/td><td>752<\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>Lemko\u2013angli\u010dtina<\/td><td>Romaniz\u00e1cia + pravidlov\u00fd Lemko\u2192po\u013esk\u00fd MT + po\u013esko\u2192anglick\u00fd NMT<\/td><td>3137<\/td><\/tr>\n    <\/tbody>\n  <\/table>\n<\/figure>\n\n<style>\n  .petro-fig{margin:1.25rem 0}\n  .petro-chart{width:100%; height:auto; display:block}\n  .petro-cap{font:14px Georgia,serif; color:#333; margin-top:.5rem}\n  .petro-sr-only{\n    position:absolute !important;\n    left:-9999px !important;\n    width:1px !important;\n    height:1px !important;\n    overflow:hidden !important;\n  }\n<\/style>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-translation-accuracy-the-higher-resource-the-language-pair-the-more-accurate-the-engine\">Presnos\u0165 prekladu: \u010d\u00edm viac zdrojov m\u00e1 jazykov\u00fd p\u00e1r, t\u00fdm presnej\u0161\u00ed je motor<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Presnos\u0165 prekladu na\u0161ich motorov umelej inteligencie prekonala presnos\u0165 profesion\u00e1lnych lingvistov. To presiahlo na\u0161u hypot\u00e9zu, \u017ee neur\u00f3nov\u00fd strojov\u00fd preklad v re\u017eime offline bol teraz len o nie\u010do menej presn\u00fd ako \u013eudsk\u00ed prekladatelia. N\u00e1\u0161 rusko-anglick\u00fd motor umelej inteligencie dosiahol 158 % presnosti n\u00e1\u0161ho \u013eudsk\u00e9ho prekladate\u013ea, \u010d\u00edm prekro\u010dil nami predpokladan\u00fdch 75 %. N\u00e1\u0161 po\u013esko-anglick\u00fd neur\u00f3nov\u00fd motor dosiahol 117 % presnosti n\u00e1\u0161ho \u013eudsk\u00e9ho lingvistu, \u010d\u00edm prekro\u010dil na\u0161e o\u010dak\u00e1vania 75 %. N\u00e1\u0161 hybridn\u00fd Lemko-anglick\u00fd motor dosiahol sk\u00f3re BLEU 14,57 (51 % oproti n\u00e1\u0161mu profesion\u00e1lnemu prekladate\u013eovi), v s\u00falade s na\u0161ou predpove\u010fou 15, po zaokr\u00fahlen\u00ed nahor. Vynechanie n\u00e1\u0161ho podmotora zalo\u017een\u00e9ho na pravidl\u00e1ch viedlo k 2 % n\u00e1rastu presnosti a 6 % n\u00e1rastu r\u00fdchlosti. Vynechanie podmotora zalo\u017een\u00e9ho na slovn\u00edku viedlo k 13 % poklesu presnosti, ale k 344 % n\u00e1rastu r\u00fdchlosti. Zhrnutie: na\u0161e motory umelej inteligencie pre jazyky so stredn\u00fdmi a\u017e vysok\u00fdmi zdrojmi boli v\u00fdrazne presnej\u0161ie ako n\u00e1\u0161 \u013eudsk\u00fd lingvista, zatia\u013e \u010do na\u0161e hybridn\u00e9 motory pre jazyky s n\u00edzkymi zdrojmi boli pribli\u017ene o polovicu presnej\u0161ie ako n\u00e1\u0161 \u013eudsk\u00fd lingvista.       <\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"petro-fig\">\n  <svg class=\"petro-chart\" viewbox=\"0 0 960 640\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Human versus Machine Translation Accuracy, BLEU Score. Russian-English, Polish-English, and Lemko-English comparisons.\">\n    <style>\n      .petro-chart text{font-family: Georgia, serif; fill:#111}\n      .petro-title{font-size:22px; font-weight:700}\n      .petro-label{font-size:16px}\n      .petro-tick{font-size:14px; fill:#111}\n      .petro-val{font-size:14px}\n      .petro-axis{stroke:#bbb; stroke-width:1; shape-rendering:crispEdges}\n      .petro-grid{stroke:#ddd; stroke-width:1; shape-rendering:crispEdges}\n      .petro-legend{font-size:14px}\n    <\/style>\n\n    <!-- Title -->\n    <text x=\"480\" y=\"42\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"petro-title\">\n      Human versus Machine Translation Accuracy, BLEU Score\n    <\/text>\n\n    <!-- X scale: 0..45 mapped to 620px. Bars start at x=300. -->\n    <!-- Tick x positions: 0=300, 5=368.9, 10=437.8, 15=506.7, 20=575.6, 25=644.4, 30=713.3, 35=782.2, 40=851.1, 45=920 -->\n\n    <!-- Grid + axis -->\n    <g>\n      <line x1=\"300\" y1=\"90\" x2=\"300\" y2=\"420\" class=\"petro-axis\"><\/line>\n      <line x1=\"368.9\" y1=\"90\" x2=\"368.9\" y2=\"420\" class=\"petro-grid\"><\/line>\n      <line x1=\"437.8\" y1=\"90\" x2=\"437.8\" y2=\"420\" class=\"petro-grid\"><\/line>\n      <line x1=\"506.7\" y1=\"90\" x2=\"506.7\" y2=\"420\" class=\"petro-grid\"><\/line>\n      <line x1=\"575.6\" y1=\"90\" x2=\"575.6\" y2=\"420\" class=\"petro-grid\"><\/line>\n      <line x1=\"644.4\" y1=\"90\" x2=\"644.4\" y2=\"420\" class=\"petro-grid\"><\/line>\n      <line x1=\"713.3\" y1=\"90\" x2=\"713.3\" y2=\"420\" class=\"petro-grid\"><\/line>\n      <line x1=\"782.2\" y1=\"90\" x2=\"782.2\" y2=\"420\" class=\"petro-grid\"><\/line>\n      <line x1=\"851.1\" y1=\"90\" x2=\"851.1\" y2=\"420\" class=\"petro-grid\"><\/line>\n      <line x1=\"920\" y1=\"90\" x2=\"920\" y2=\"420\" class=\"petro-grid\"><\/line>\n\n      <text x=\"300\" y=\"448\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"petro-tick\">0<\/text>\n      <text x=\"368.9\" y=\"448\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"petro-tick\">5<\/text>\n      <text x=\"437.8\" y=\"448\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"petro-tick\">10<\/text>\n      <text x=\"506.7\" y=\"448\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"petro-tick\">15<\/text>\n      <text x=\"575.6\" y=\"448\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"petro-tick\">20<\/text>\n      <text x=\"644.4\" y=\"448\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"petro-tick\">25<\/text>\n      <text x=\"713.3\" y=\"448\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"petro-tick\">30<\/text>\n      <text x=\"782.2\" y=\"448\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"petro-tick\">35<\/text>\n      <text x=\"851.1\" y=\"448\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"petro-tick\">40<\/text>\n      <text x=\"920\" y=\"448\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"petro-tick\">45<\/text>\n    <\/g>\n\n    <!-- Category labels (right-aligned so they don't collide with axis at x=300) -->\n    <text x=\"290\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"petro-label\">Russian-English (High-Resource Pair)<\/text>\n    <text x=\"290\" y=\"255\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"petro-label\">Polish-English (Medium-Resource Pair)<\/text>\n    <text x=\"290\" y=\"370\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"petro-label\">Lemko-English (Low-Resource Pair)<\/text>\n\n    <!-- Bars (width = value\/45 * 620) -->\n    <!-- Colors: Human #2b6cb0 | NMT alone #c53030 | Hybrid dict\/rule + NMT #38b2ac | Dict + NMT #805ad5 | Rules + NMT #6b8e23 -->\n\n    <!-- Russian-English -->\n    <rect x=\"300\" y=\"130\" width=\"542.4\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#c53030\"><\/rect>\n    <text x=\"854.4\" y=\"144\" class=\"petro-val\">39.37<\/text>\n\n    <rect x=\"300\" y=\"155\" width=\"342.5\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#2b6cb0\"><\/rect>\n    <text x=\"654.5\" y=\"169\" class=\"petro-val\">24.86<\/text>\n\n    <!-- Polish-English -->\n    <rect x=\"300\" y=\"245\" width=\"493.4\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#c53030\"><\/rect>\n    <text x=\"805.4\" y=\"259\" class=\"petro-val\">35.81<\/text>\n\n    <rect x=\"300\" y=\"270\" width=\"420.6\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#2b6cb0\"><\/rect>\n    <text x=\"732.6\" y=\"284\" class=\"petro-val\">30.53<\/text>\n\n    <!-- Lemko-English -->\n    <rect x=\"300\" y=\"330\" width=\"200.7\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#38b2ac\"><\/rect>\n    <text x=\"512.7\" y=\"344\" class=\"petro-val\">14.57<\/text>\n\n    <rect x=\"300\" y=\"355\" width=\"203.9\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#805ad5\"><\/rect>\n    <text x=\"515.9\" y=\"369\" class=\"petro-val\">14.8<\/text>\n\n    <rect x=\"300\" y=\"380\" width=\"174.2\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#6b8e23\"><\/rect>\n    <text x=\"486.2\" y=\"394\" class=\"petro-val\">12.64<\/text>\n\n    <rect x=\"300\" y=\"405\" width=\"394.9\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#2b6cb0\"><\/rect>\n    <text x=\"706.9\" y=\"419\" class=\"petro-val\">28.66<\/text>\n\n    <!-- Legend -->\n    <g transform=\"translate(40,490)\">\n      <rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" fill=\"#38b2ac\"><\/rect>\n      <text x=\"22\" y=\"12\" class=\"petro-legend\">\n        Romanization + Hybrid Dictionary\/Rule-Based Lemko-Polish MT + Polish-English Neural Translation\n      <\/text>\n\n      <rect x=\"0\" y=\"24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" fill=\"#805ad5\"><\/rect>\n      <text x=\"22\" y=\"36\" class=\"petro-legend\">\n        Romanization + Dictionary-Based Lemko-Polish MT + Polish-English Neural Translation\n      <\/text>\n\n      <rect x=\"0\" y=\"48\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" fill=\"#6b8e23\"><\/rect>\n      <text x=\"22\" y=\"60\" class=\"petro-legend\">\n        Romanization + Rule-Based Lemko-Polish MT + Polish-English Neural Translation\n      <\/text>\n\n      <rect x=\"0\" y=\"72\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" fill=\"#c53030\"><\/rect>\n      <text x=\"22\" y=\"84\" class=\"petro-legend\">\n        Artificial Intelligence Neural Machine Translation Alone\n      <\/text>\n\n      <rect x=\"0\" y=\"96\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" fill=\"#2b6cb0\"><\/rect>\n      <text x=\"22\" y=\"108\" class=\"petro-legend\">\n        Professional Human Translation\n      <\/text>\n    <\/g>\n  <\/svg>\n\n  <figcaption class=\"petro-cap\">\n    <strong>Obr\u00e1zok 2.<\/strong>  Profesion\u00e1lny \u013eudsk\u00fd verzus strojov\u00fd BLEU sk\u00f3re kvality prekladu na vzduchom oddelenom stredne v\u00fdkonnom laptope v re\u017eime Lietadlo, rusko-anglick\u00fd (p\u00e1r s vysok\u00fdmi zdrojmi) verzus po\u013esko-anglick\u00fd (p\u00e1r so stredn\u00fdmi zdrojmi) verzus Lemko-anglick\u00fd (p\u00e1r s n\u00edzkymi zdrojmi).\n  <\/figcaption>\n\n  <!-- Hidden table: makes the data impossible for crawlers\/LLMs to miss -->\n  <table class=\"petro-sr-only\" aria-hidden=\"false\">\n    <caption>\u00dadaje k obr\u00e1zku 2: sk\u00f3re BLEU<\/caption>\n    <thead>\n      <tr>\n        <th scope=\"col\">Jazykov\u00fd p\u00e1r<\/th>\n        <th scope=\"col\">Met\u00f3da<\/th>\n        <th scope=\"col\">BLEU<\/th>\n      <\/tr>\n    <\/thead>\n    <tbody>\n      <tr><td>Rusko\u2013angli\u010dtina<\/td><td>Len neur\u00f3nov\u00fd strojov\u00fd preklad umelej inteligencie<\/td><td>39.37<\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>Rusko\u2013angli\u010dtina<\/td><td>Profesion\u00e1lny \u013eudsk\u00fd preklad<\/td><td>24.86<\/td><\/tr>\n\n      <tr><td>Po\u013esko\u2013angli\u010dtina<\/td><td>Len neur\u00f3nov\u00fd strojov\u00fd preklad umelej inteligencie<\/td><td>35.81<\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>Po\u013esko\u2013angli\u010dtina<\/td><td>Profesion\u00e1lny \u013eudsk\u00fd preklad<\/td><td>30.53<\/td><\/tr>\n\n      <tr><td>Lemko\u2013angli\u010dtina<\/td><td>Romaniz\u00e1cia + hybridn\u00fd slovn\u00edkov\u00fd\/pravidlov\u00fd Lemko\u2192po\u013esk\u00fd MT + po\u013esko\u2192anglick\u00fd neur\u00f3nov\u00fd preklad<\/td><td>14.57<\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>Lemko\u2013angli\u010dtina<\/td><td>Romaniz\u00e1cia + slovn\u00edkov\u00fd Lemko\u2192po\u013esk\u00fd MT + po\u013esko\u2192anglick\u00fd neur\u00f3nov\u00fd preklad<\/td><td>14.8<\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>Lemko\u2013angli\u010dtina<\/td><td>Romaniz\u00e1cia + pravidlov\u00fd Lemko\u2192po\u013esk\u00fd MT + po\u013esko\u2192anglick\u00fd neur\u00f3nov\u00fd preklad<\/td><td>12.64<\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>Lemko\u2013angli\u010dtina<\/td><td>Profesion\u00e1lny \u013eudsk\u00fd preklad<\/td><td>28.66<\/td><\/tr>\n    <\/tbody>\n  <\/table>\n<\/figure>\n\n<style>\n  .petro-fig{margin:1.25rem 0}\n  .petro-chart{width:100%; height:auto; display:block}\n  .petro-cap{font:14px Georgia,serif; color:#333; margin-top:.5rem}\n  .petro-sr-only{\n    position:absolute !important;\n    left:-9999px !important;\n    width:1px !important;\n    height:1px !important;\n    overflow:hidden !important;\n  }\n<\/style>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-translation-security-0\">Bezpe\u010dnos\u0165 prekladu<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V s\u00falade s na\u0161ou hypot\u00e9zou, \u017ee rie\u0161enie neur\u00f3nov\u00e9ho strojov\u00e9ho prekladu by mohlo by\u0165 navrhnut\u00e9 tak, aby fungovalo na vzduchom oddelenom laptope, n\u00e1\u0161 experiment v tomto smere uspel. V s\u00falade s na\u0161ou predpove\u010fou n\u00e1\u0161 experiment fungoval s povolen\u00fdm re\u017eimom Lietadlo syst\u00e9mu Windows a \u017eiadne chyby neboli sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 prev\u00e1dzkou v odpojen\u00ed od vonkaj\u0161ieho sveta. <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-rule-based-machine-translation-between-lemko-and-polish\">Strojov\u00fd preklad zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidl\u00e1ch medzi Lemko a po\u013e\u0161tinou<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na\u0161a hypot\u00e9za, \u017ee pr\u00edbuznos\u0165 medzi Lemko a po\u013e\u0161tinou je dostato\u010dne siln\u00e1 na to, aby bolo Lemko prelo\u017eite\u013en\u00e9 do po\u013e\u0161tiny pomocou substit\u00facie zalo\u017eenej na pravidl\u00e1ch a slovn\u00edku, sa potvrdila p\u00f4sobiv\u00fdm v\u00fdkonom n\u00e1\u0161ho hybridn\u00e9ho Lemko-anglick\u00e9ho neur\u00f3nov\u00e9ho\/pravidlov\u00e9ho motora. Na\u0161a hypot\u00e9za, \u017ee kombin\u00e1cia podmotora zalo\u017een\u00e9ho na pravidl\u00e1ch s podmotorom zalo\u017een\u00fdm na slovn\u00edku povedie k presnej\u0161iemu hybridn\u00e9mu motoru, nie je v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti na\u0161imi \u00fadajmi podporen\u00e1. Pridanie modulu zalo\u017een\u00e9ho na slovn\u00edku k modulu zalo\u017een\u00e9mu na pravidl\u00e1ch zv\u00fd\u0161ilo BLEU motora o 2,16 bodu, \u010do je menej ako na\u0161a predpove\u010f 5.  <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-discussion\" style=\"text-transform:uppercase\">Diskusia<\/h2>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-a-new-era\"><strong>Nov\u00e1 \u00e9ra<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dok\u00e1zali sme, \u017ee nielen\u017ee je mo\u017en\u00e9 poveri\u0165 umel\u00fa inteligenciu prekladom z jazykov s vysok\u00fdmi, stredn\u00fdmi a n\u00edzkymi zdrojmi v prostred\u00ed s kontrolovan\u00fdm pr\u00edstupom, ale neur\u00f3nov\u00fd strojov\u00fd preklad dok\u00e1\u017ee t\u00fato pr\u00e1cu vykon\u00e1va\u0165 r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie, bezpe\u010dnej\u0161ie a v mnoh\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch aj lep\u0161ie. Na\u0161e v\u00fdsledky nielen\u017ee podporili na\u0161e hypot\u00e9zy, ale v\u00fdkon na\u0161ich neur\u00f3nov\u00fdch motorov prekonal na\u0161e predpovede. Nov\u00e1 \u00e9ra takmer re\u00e1lneho \u010dasu strojov\u00e9ho prekladu, ktor\u00fd funguje nez\u00e1visle alebo v spolupr\u00e1ci s \u013eu\u010fmi, je tu.  <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-speed\"><strong>R\u00fdchlos\u0165<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u00e1\u0161 syst\u00e9m prekladal z ru\u0161tiny r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou 6 456 slov za hodinu. Aby sme to uviedli do kontextu, konzultovali sme s expertom Marcom Hackelom, lingvistom z obrann\u00e9ho priemyslu vo Washingtone, D.C. a rusko-anglick\u00fdm prekladate\u013eom s desa\u0165ro\u010diami sk\u00fasenost\u00ed, ktor\u00fd n\u00e1m povedal, \u017ee \u201eorienta\u010dn\u00e9 pravidlo je, \u017ee ve\u013emi zdatn\u00fd prekladate\u013e by mal by\u0165 schopn\u00fd prelo\u017ei\u0165 aspo\u0148 8 str\u00e1n (t. j. 8 str\u00e1n po 500 slov, spolu 4 000 slov) po\u010das 8-hodinov\u00e9ho pracovn\u00e9ho d\u0148a, za predpokladu, \u017ee neexistuj\u00fa \u017eiadne prek\u00e1\u017eky ako akronymy a podobn\u00e9 veci. Priemer pre mnoh\u00fdch je v skuto\u010dnosti 250 slov za hodinu, nie 500.\u201c Tak\u017ee neur\u00f3nov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my dok\u00e1\u017eu za menej ako hodinu to, \u010do \u013eu\u010fom trv\u00e1 dni.  <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-accuracy\"><strong>Presnos\u0165<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na\u0161e syst\u00e9my umelej inteligencie dosiahli vy\u0161\u0161ie sk\u00f3re BLEU ako n\u00e1\u0161 profesion\u00e1lny \u013eudsk\u00fd lingvista. Pod\u013ea tejto metriky s\u00fa na\u0161e stroje \u201elep\u0161ie\u201c v preklade z ru\u0161tiny a po\u013e\u0161tiny ako \u013eudia.<sup id=\"reference\"><a href=\"#footnote\">1<\/a><\/sup> Ke\u010f\u017ee implik\u00e1cia, \u017ee strojov\u00fd preklad s umelou inteligenciou m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 o viac ako 50 % presnej\u0161\u00ed ako sk\u00fasen\u00ed lingvisti, je revolu\u010dn\u00e1, tento experiment je potrebn\u00e9 zopakova\u0165 na e\u0161te v\u00e4\u010d\u0161om po\u010dte \u013eudsk\u00fdch lingvistov a korpusov, aby sa vyl\u00fa\u010dili n\u00e1hody. Pou\u017eili sme v\u00fdnimo\u010dne \u010dist\u00e9, n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 texty s kvetnat\u00fdm jazykom, na ktor\u00fdch sa prekladov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my tradi\u010dne \u201ezadrh\u00e1vaj\u00fa\u201c a v ktor\u00fdch \u013eudia vynikaj\u00fa. Hoci sme sa sna\u017eili o rovnak\u00e9 podmienky, o\u010dak\u00e1vali sme, \u017ee ak\u00e1ko\u013evek v\u00fdhoda bude na strane \u010dloveka. Pre pr\u00edstup k na\u0161im surov\u00fdm d\u00e1tam a v\u00fdsledkom kontaktujte Petra Orynycziho na vy\u0161\u0161ie uvedenej adrese.    <strong><br\/><\/strong><\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-next-steps\"><strong>\u010eal\u0161ie kroky<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pou\u017eili sme star\u0161ie, zastaran\u00e9 vybavenie. Nov\u0161ie vybavenie s r\u00fdchlej\u0161\u00edmi grafick\u00fdmi procesormi novej gener\u00e1cie by mohlo vies\u0165 k dramatick\u00e9mu zlep\u0161eniu r\u00fdchlosti prekladu. Na\u0161a k\u00f3dov\u00e1 z\u00e1klad\u0148a by mala by\u0165 optimalizovan\u00e1 tak, aby maximalizovala vyu\u017eitie existuj\u00facich zdrojov, ako s\u00fa grafick\u00e9 procesory (GPU). Pl\u00e1nujeme premeni\u0165 n\u00e1\u0161 modul strojov\u00e9ho prekladu zalo\u017een\u00fd na slovn\u00edkoch na testovaciu sadu pre pou\u017eitie v testom riadenom v\u00fdvoji (TDD) n\u00e1\u0161ho modulu strojov\u00e9ho prekladu zalo\u017een\u00e9ho na pravidl\u00e1ch (RBMT), ktor\u00fd by sa mohol pou\u017ei\u0165 na v\u00fdvoj paraleln\u00fdch textov pre tr\u00e9ning \u010disto neur\u00f3nov\u00fdch Lemko-anglick\u00fdch a anglicko-Lemko neur\u00f3nov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov strojov\u00e9ho prekladu s umelou inteligenciou. Je potrebn\u00fd \u010fal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdskum na identifik\u00e1ciu bodov klesaj\u00facich v\u00fdnosov. Petro Orynycz pl\u00e1nuje aplikova\u0165 svoje hybridn\u00e9 neur\u00f3nov\u00e9 a pravidlami riaden\u00e9 syst\u00e9my na v\u00fdvoj prekladov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov pre rus\u00ednske a ukrajinsk\u00e9 dialekty p\u00f4vodn\u00e9 pre dne\u0161n\u00e9 Slovensko a Ukrajinu.     <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-in-closing\"><strong>Na z\u00e1ver<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sme na \u00fasvite novej transforma\u010dnej \u00e9ry: dok\u00e1zali sme, \u017ee umel\u00e1 inteligencia dok\u00e1\u017ee vykon\u00e1va\u0165 du\u0161evn\u00fa pr\u00e1cu rovnako dobre ako \u013eudia, alebo v \u010doraz \u0161ir\u0161om okruhu pr\u00edpadov o viac ako 50 % lep\u0161ie, a to za zlomok \u010dasu a s takmer \u017eiadnym bezpe\u010dnostn\u00fdm rizikom. Nieko\u013eko stoviek dol\u00e1rov v hodnote vybavenia, ktor\u00e9 sa zmest\u00ed do batohu, je v\u0161etko, \u010do \u010dlovek potrebuje, aby mal v\u017edy lep\u0161ieho ako \u013eudsk\u00e9ho, krem\u00edkov\u00e9ho ter\u00e9nneho lingvistu, ktor\u00fd nikdy neprezrad\u00ed tajomstv\u00e1 ani sa neunav\u00ed. D\u017ein je von z f\u013ea\u0161e a m\u00f4\u017ee splni\u0165 na\u0161e \u017eelanie revitaliz\u00e1cie ohrozen\u00fdch jazykov, ak nie sen o vzkriesen\u00ed vyhynut\u00fdch. Udalos\u0165 masov\u00e9ho vymierania jazykov, v ktorej sa nach\u00e1dzame, sa m\u00f4\u017ee zastavi\u0165 a dokonca zvr\u00e1ti\u0165. Mali by sme si d\u00e1va\u0165 pozor na to, \u010do si \u017eel\u00e1me \u2013 svety izolovan\u00e9 po e\u00f3ny ich \u0161ifrovan\u00edm v drah\u00fdch na preklad jazykoch sa chystaj\u00fa zrazi\u0165. Zmena k lep\u0161iemu, d\u00fafame. <em>Pro\u0161\u010daj<\/em>, jazykov\u00e1 bari\u00e9ra. Vitaj, nov\u00fd svet.      <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-footnotes\">Pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010diarou<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup><a href=\"#reference\">^ 1<\/a><\/sup> Historicky niektor\u00e9 komunity odmietaj\u00fa pou\u017e\u00edvanie BLEU na porovn\u00e1vanie \u013eudsk\u00e9ho a strojov\u00e9ho prekladu, no \u017eiadny in\u00fd syst\u00e9m nie je tak \u0161iroko akceptovan\u00fd alebo dostupn\u00fd so \u0161irokou, recenzovanou valid\u00e1ciou v praxi. V skuto\u010dnosti vyn\u00e1lezcovia sk\u00f3re BLEU Papineni, Roukos, Ward a Zhu predznamenali tento bod nap\u00e4tia v pr\u00e1ci sponzorovanej Ministerstvom obrany Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov (financovanej Agent\u00farou pre pokro\u010dil\u00e9 obrann\u00e9 v\u00fdskumn\u00e9 projekty [DARPA] a monitorovanej Velite\u013estvom vesm\u00edrnych a n\u00e1morn\u00fdch bojov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov [SPAWAR]) ako s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 ich prelomovej publik\u00e1cie, p\u00ed\u0161uc: \u201e\u010ealej, [metrika] mus\u00ed rozli\u0161ova\u0165 medzi dvoma \u013eudsk\u00fdmi prekladmi r\u00f4znej kvality. T\u00e1to posledn\u00e1 po\u017eiadavka zabezpe\u010duje nepretr\u017eit\u00fa platnos\u0165 metriky, ke\u010f sa MT [strojov\u00fd preklad] pribli\u017euje kvalite \u013eudsk\u00e9ho prekladu.\u201c Poru\u0161iac tabu hne\u010f na za\u010diatku, potom pokra\u010dovali vo v\u00fdpo\u010dte sk\u00f3re BLEU pre \u201eHuman-1\u201c, ktor\u00fd nebol roden\u00fdm hovorcom \u010d\u00edn\u0161tiny ani angli\u010dtiny, a \u201eHuman-2\u201c, roden\u00e9ho hovorcu angli\u010dtiny, a zaznamenali, ako sa ich sk\u00f3re BLEU \u00fazko zhodovalo s t\u00fdmi, ktor\u00e9 udelili \u013eudsk\u00ed posudzovatelia (Papineni, Roukos, Ward, &amp; Zhu, 2002).  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-acknowledgements\" style=\"text-transform:uppercase\">Po\u010fakovanie<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Radi by sme po\u010fakovali n\u00e1\u0161mu poradcovi, Timovi Quiramovi, z\u00e1stupcovi n\u00e1\u010deln\u00edka div\u00edzie v\u00fdcviku velite\u013estva pripravenosti pobre\u017enej str\u00e1\u017ee Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov, za jeho povzbudenie pokra\u010dova\u0165, predstavenstvu Antech Systems, Inc. a t\u00edmu ePerformance Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division Webster Outlying Field (NAWCAD WOLF) za vytvorenie prostredia, kde m\u00f4\u017eeme sledova\u0165 na\u0161e v\u00e1\u0161ne, n\u00e1\u0161mu v\u00fdkonn\u00e9mu viceprezidentovi div\u00edzie Tomovi Dobrymu za jeho neocenite\u013en\u00e9 vedenie, zdrav\u00fd \u00fasudok a vizion\u00e1rske l\u00edderstvo, ako aj n\u00e1\u0161mu ved\u00facemu t\u00edmu Willovi Duffovi za to, \u017ee n\u00e1s prin\u00fatil tvrdo pracova\u0165, podporoval ducha kamar\u00e1tstva a mor\u00e1lnu podporu. Petro Orynycz by r\u00e1d po\u010fakoval svojim projektov\u00fdm mana\u017e\u00e9rom v oblasti umelej inteligencie Raffaelemu Pascalemu a Michalovi Brnu\u0161\u00e1kovi z poskytovate\u013ea jazykov\u00fdch slu\u017eieb Venga Global Inc. zo Silicon Valley za ich profesionalitu, skuto\u010dn\u00fa starostlivos\u0165 o t\u00edm a neochvejn\u00fa oddanos\u0165 spr\u00e1vnemu vykonaniu pr\u00e1ce. P\u00e1n Orynycz by tie\u017e r\u00e1d po\u010fakoval svojim kolegom in\u017einierom, kolegom a star\u00fdm priate\u013eom Michaelovi Lawrenceovi Cramerovi z BCT LLC a Michaelovi Decerbovi z Raytheon BBN Technologies za to, \u017ee verili od za\u010diatku. Tie\u017e by r\u00e1d po\u010fakoval svojmu priate\u013eovi a kolegovi po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9mu lingvistovi Jounovi Pyysalovi, Ph.D. z Helsinskej univerzity za splnenie snov. Nakoniec by r\u00e1d po\u010fakoval Marii Silvestri z Nad\u00e1cie Johna a Helen Timo za jej dar na vedeck\u00fd v\u00fdskum a v\u00fdvoj Lemko rozhovorov, ktor\u00e9 viedla, a prekladov, na ktor\u00e9 si ho najala, ako aj svojej drahej priate\u013eke O\u0142ene Du\u0107 z Ruska Bursa za jej neocenite\u013en\u00e9 preklady a prepisy rozhovorov.    <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-references\" style=\"text-transform:uppercase\">Referencie<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">al-Kind\u012b, Y. i. (2002). al-Kindi&#8217;s Edited Treatise. In M. I. AL-Suwaiyel, I. A. Kadi, &amp; M. al-Bawab (eds.), <em>al-Kindi&#8217;s Treatise on Cryptanalysis (vol. 1)<\/em> (S. M. al-Asaad, Trans., vol. 1, pp. 117-204). Damask, S\u00fdria: KFCRIS &amp; KACST. (P\u00f4vodn\u00e9 dielo publikovan\u00e9 pribli\u017ene 850).   <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Associated Press. (2021, 26. janu\u00e1ra). <em>Poland\u2019s population rapidly shrinking under pandemic.<\/em> Z\u00edskan\u00e9 19. j\u00fana 2021 z AP NEWS: <a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/pandemics-demographics-coronavirus-pandemic-birth-rates-covid-19-pandemic-5895d554be280b0ade9068c75872976e\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/pandemics-demographics-coronavirus-pandemic-birth-rates-covid-19-pandemic-5895d554be280b0ade9068c75872976e<\/a> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bureau of Labor Statistics, Ministerstvo pr\u00e1ce Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov. (2021).  <em>Pr\u00edru\u010dka pracovn\u00fdch vyhliadok, tlmo\u010dn\u00edci a prekladatelia.<\/em>  Washington, DC. Z\u00edskan\u00e9 1. j\u00fana 2021 z <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/media-and-communication\/interpreters-and-translators.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/media-and-communication\/interpreters-and-translators.htm<\/a> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cieri, C., Maxwell, M., Strassel, S., &amp; Tracey, J. (2016). Selection Criteria for Low Resource Language Programs. <em>Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC&#8217;16)<\/em> (pp. 4543\u20134549). Portoro\u017e, Slovinsko: European Language Resources Association (ELRA). Z\u00edskan\u00e9 27. j\u00fana 2021 z <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/L16-1720\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/L16-1720<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dadas, S. (2019). A repository of Polish NLP resources. Z\u00edskan\u00e9 26. m\u00e1ja 2021 z <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/sdadas\/polish-nlp-resources\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/github.com\/sdadas\/polish-nlp-resources\/<\/a>  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Departament Wyzna\u0144 Religijnych oraz Mniejszo\u015bci Narodowych i Etnicznych. (2013).  <em>IV Raport dotycz\u0105cy sytuacji mniejszo\u015bci narodowych i etnicznych oraz j\u0119zyka regionalnego w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej &#8211; 2013.<\/em>  Var\u0161ava, Po\u013esko: Ministerstwo Spraw Wewn\u0119trznych i Administracji. Z\u00edskan\u00e9 13. j\u00fana 2021 z <a href=\"http:\/\/mniejszosci.narodowe.mswia.gov.pl\/download\/86\/14637\/TekstIVRaportu.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/mniejszosci.narodowe.mswia.gov.pl\/download\/86\/14637\/TekstIVRaportu.pdf<\/a> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Department of Justice Office of Public Affairs. (2009, 17. decembra). <em>Former FBI Contract Linguist Pleads Guilty to Leaking Classified Information to Blogger.<\/em> Z\u00edskan\u00e9 9. j\u00fana 2021 z United States Department of Justice: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/opa\/pr\/former-fbi-contract-linguist-pleads-guilty-leaking-classified-information-blogger\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/opa\/pr\/former-fbi-contract-linguist-pleads-guilty-leaking-classified-information-blogger<\/a> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Department of Justice Office of Public Affairs. 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(2020, 17. augusta). <em>Former CIA Officer Arrested and Charged with Espionage.<\/em> Z\u00edskan\u00e9 9. j\u00fana 2021 z United States Department of Justice: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/opa\/pr\/former-cia-officer-arrested-and-charged-espionage\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/opa\/pr\/former-cia-officer-arrested-and-charged-espionage<\/a> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Der\u017eavna slu\u017eba statystyky Ukra\u00efny. (2001). <em>\u010cysel&#8217;nist&#8216; osib okremyx etnohrafi\u010dnyx hrup ukrainskoho etnosu ta \u00efx ridna mova<\/em>. Z\u00edskan\u00e9 26. augusta 2021 z Vseukra\u00efns&#8217;kyj perepys naselennja 2001: <a href=\"http:\/\/2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua\/results\/nationality_population\/nationality_popul2\/select_5\/?botton=cens_db&amp;box=5.5W&amp;k_t=00&amp;p=0&amp;rz=1_1&amp;rz_b=2_1&amp;n_page=1\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua\/results\/nationality_population\/nationality_popul2\/select_5\/?botton=cens_db&amp;box=5.5W&amp;k_t=00&amp;p=0&amp;rz=1_1&amp;rz_b=2_1&amp;n_page=1<\/a>  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Du\u0107-Fajfer, O. (2016). Literatura a proces rozwoju i rewitalizacja to\u017csamo\u015bci j\u0119zykowej na przyk\u0142adzie literatury \u0142emkowskiej. In J. Olko, T. Wicherkiewicz, &amp; R. Borges (eds.), <em>Integral Strategies for Language Revitalization<\/em> (pp. 177-178). Var\u0161ava, Po\u013esko: Faculty of &#8222;Artes Liberales&#8220;, University of Warsaw. 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Lecture Notes in Computer Science.<\/em> <em>12284<\/em>, p. 2.   Springer, Cham. doi:10.1007\/978-3-030-58323-1_10 <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ker\u010da, I. (2007). <em>Slovnyk Rusyn&#8217;sko-Rusk\u0177j<\/em> (vol. 1). U\u017ehorod, Ukrajina: PolyPrynt. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kocmi, T. (2020). CUNI Submission for the Inuktitut Language in WMT News 2020. <em>Proceedings of the 5. Conference on Machine Translation (WMT)<\/em>, (pp. 171\u2013174). Association for Computational Linguistics. Z\u00edskan\u00e9 19. j\u00fana 2021 z <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/2020.wmt-1.14\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/2020.wmt-1.14<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kocmi, T., &amp; Bojar, O. (2019). CUNI Submission for Low-Resource Languages in WMT News 2019. <em>Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (WMT).<\/em> <em>Volume 2: Shared Task Papers (Day 1)<\/em>, pp. 234\u2013240. Florencia, Taliansko: Association for Computational Linguistics. Z\u00edskan\u00e9 13. j\u00fana 2021 z <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/W19-5322.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/W19-5322.pdf<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lewis-Kraus, G. (2016, 14. decembra). The Great A.I. Awakening (Going Neural). <em>The New York Times<\/em>, s. 40. Z\u00edskan\u00e9 z <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/12\/14\/magazine\/the-great-ai-awakening.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/12\/14\/magazine\/the-great-ai-awakening.html<\/a>  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Macken, L., Prou, D., &amp; Tezcan, A. (2020, 23. apr\u00edla). Kvantifik\u00e1cia \u00fa\u010dinku strojov\u00e9ho prekladu v procese produkcie vysokokvalitn\u00e9ho \u013eudsk\u00e9ho prekladu. <em>Informatics, 7<\/em>(2). doi:10.3390\/informatics7020012  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Maximova, S., Noyanzina, O., Omelchenko, D., &amp; Maximova, M. (2018). The Russian-speakers in the CIS countries: migration activity and preservation of the Russian language. In P. Vladimirovich (Ed.), <em>2018 International Scientific Conference \u201cInvestment, Construction, Real Estate: New Technologies and Special-Purpose Development Priorities\u201d (ICRE 2018) <\/em>, <em>212.<\/em> Irkutsk, Rusko. doi:10.1051\/matecconf\/201821210005   <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Microsoft. (n.d.). <em>Turn airplane mode on or off.<\/em> Z\u00edskan\u00e9 9. j\u00fana 2021 z Microsoft: <a href=\"https:\/\/support.microsoft.com\/en-us\/windows\/turn-airplane-mode-on-or-off-f2c2e0a1-706f-ff26-c4b2-4a37f9796df1\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/support.microsoft.com\/en-us\/windows\/turn-airplane-mode-on-or-off-f2c2e0a1-706f-ff26-c4b2-4a37f9796df1<\/a> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">NATO Review. (n.d.). <em>About us.<\/em> Z\u00edskan\u00e9 9. j\u00fana 2021 z North Atlantic Treaty Organization: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nato.int\/docu\/review\/about.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.nato.int\/docu\/review\/about.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ng, N., Yee, K., Baevski, A., Ott, M., Auli, M., &amp; Edunov, S. (2019, august). Facebook FAIR&#8217;s WMT19 News Translation Task Submission. <em>Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)<\/em>, 314-319. Florencia, Taliansko: Association for Computational Linguistics. doi:10.18653\/v1\/W19-5333   <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ott, M., Edunov, S., Baevski, A., Fan, A., Gross, S., Ng, N., . . . Auli, M. (2019). fairseq: A Fast, Extensible Toolkit for Sequence Modeling. <em>Proceedings of NAACL-HLT 2019: Demonstrations.<\/em> <em>Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Demonstrations)<\/em>, pp. 48-53. Minneapolis, MN: Association for Computational Linguistics. doi:10.18653\/v1\/N19-4009   <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Papineni, K., Roukos, S., Ward, T., &amp; Zhu, W.-J. (2002). BLEU: a Method for Automatic Evaluation of Machine Translation. <em>Proceedings of the 40. Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics<\/em> (pp. 311-318). Philadelphia, pa: Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Post, M. (2018, 12. septembra). A Call for Clarity in Reporting BLEU Scores. <em>Amazon Research<\/em>. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rabus, A., &amp; Scherrer, Y. (2017). Lexicon Induction for Spoken Rusyn \u2013 Challenges and Results. <em>Proceedings of the 6. Workshop on Balto-Slavic Natural Language Processing<\/em>, (pp. 27-32). Valencia, \u0160panielsko.  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Scherrer, Y., &amp; Rabus, A. (2017). Multi-source morphosyntactic tagging for Spoken Rusyn. <em>Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects<\/em> (pp. 84-92). Valencia, \u0160panielsko: Association for Computational Linguistics. doi:<a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/W17-1210\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/W17-1210<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Scherrer, Y., &amp; Rabus, A. (2019, september). Neural morphosyntactic tagging for Rusyn. (R. Mitkov, Ed.) <em>Natural Language Engineering, 25<\/em>(5), pp. 633-650. doi:10.1017\/S1351324919000287   <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Shea, J. (2016, 5. decembra). What can we learn today from the \u201etraja mudrci\u201c? <em>NATO Review<\/em>. Z\u00edskan\u00e9 26. m\u00e1ja 2021 z <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nato.int\/docu\/review\/articles\/2016\/12\/05\/what-can-we-learn-today-from-the-three-wise-men\/index.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.nato.int\/docu\/review\/articles\/2016\/12\/05\/what-can-we-learn-today-from-the-three-wise-men\/index.html<\/a>  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ad hoc expertn\u00e1 skupina UNESCO pre ohrozen\u00e9 jazyky. (2003). Vitalita a ohrozenie jazykov. <em>Medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9 stretnutie expertov o programe UNESCO na ochranu ohrozen\u00fdch jazykov.<\/em>  Par\u00ed\u017e: UNESCO. Z\u00edskan\u00e9 19. j\u00fana 2021 z <a href=\"http:\/\/www.unesco.org\/new\/fileadmin\/MULTIMEDIA\/HQ\/CLT\/pdf\/Language_vitality_and_endangerment_EN.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/www.unesco.org\/new\/fileadmin\/MULTIMEDIA\/HQ\/CLT\/pdf\/Language_vitality_and_endangerment_EN.pdf<\/a> <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vasmer, M. J. (n.d.).  <em>Etimologi\u010deskyj Slovar&#8216; Russkogo Jazyka.<\/em>  (O. N. Truba\u010d\u00ebv, Trans.) Moskva: AST (P\u00f4vodn\u00e9 dielo publikovan\u00e9 1950). <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Watral, M. (2015, febru\u00e1r). Rewitalizacja \u0141emk\u00f3w. <em>Znak<\/em>(717), 38-44. Z\u00edskan\u00e9 24. augusta 2021 z <a href=\"https:\/\/www.miesiecznik.znak.com.pl\/7172015marta-wartalrewitalizacja-lemkow\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.miesiecznik.znak.com.pl\/7172015marta-wartalrewitalizacja-lemkow\/<\/a>  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Watral, M. (2016). Postawy wzgl\u0119dem j\u0119zyka \u0142emkowskiego \u2013 wz\u00f3r i jego realizacja. In J. Olko, T. Wicherkiewicz, &amp; R. Borges (eds.), <em>Integral Strategies for Language Revitalization<\/em> (pp. 221-260). Var\u0161ava, Po\u013esko: Faculty of &#8222;Artes Liberales&#8220;, University of Warsaw. Z\u00edskan\u00e9 24. augusta 2021 z <a href=\"http:\/\/revitalization.al.uw.edu.pl\/Content\/Uploaded\/Documents\/integral-strategies-a91f7f0d-ae2f-4977-8615-90e4b7678fcc.pdf#page=243\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/revitalization.al.uw.edu.pl\/Content\/Uploaded\/Documents\/integral-strategies-a91f7f0d-ae2f-4977-8615-90e4b7678fcc.pdf#page=243<\/a>    <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ziemski, M., Junczys-Dowmunt, M., &amp; Pouliquen, B. (2016). Paraleln\u00fd korpus Organiz\u00e1cie Spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rodov v1.0. <em>Zborn\u00edk z Desiatej medzin\u00e1rodnej konferencie o jazykov\u00fdch zdrojoch a hodnoten\u00ed (LREC&#8217;16)<\/em>, (str. 3530\u20133534). Portoro\u017e, Slovinsko. Z\u00edskan\u00e9 z <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/L16-1561\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/L16-1561<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u2705 T\u00e1to verzia pr\u00edspevku bola prijat\u00e1 na publikovanie po recenznom konan\u00ed, ale nie je to fin\u00e1lna publikovan\u00e1 verzia (Version of Record) a neodr\u00e1\u017ea vylep\u0161enia po prijat\u00ed ani \u017eiadne opravy. Fin\u00e1lna publikovan\u00e1 verzia je dostupn\u00e1 online na tomto odkaze. Pou\u017eitie tejto prijatej verzie podlieha podmienkam pou\u017e\u00edvania akceptovan\u00e9ho rukopisu vydavate\u013ea. Abstrakt R\u00fdchlo zdie\u013eate\u013en\u00e9 a spolo\u010dne pou\u017eite\u013en\u00e9 \u0161kolenia [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[445],"tags":[392,427,391],"class_list":["post-11147","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-studia","tag-lemko","tag-neuronovy-strojovy-preklad-nmt","tag-umela-inteligencia-ai"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.3 (Yoast SEO v27.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u00c1no, hovor\u00edm... 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Abstrakt R\u00fdchlo zdie\u013eate\u013en\u00e9 a spolo\u010dne pou\u017eite\u013en\u00e9 \u0161kolenia [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/sk\/veda\/studia\/ano-hovorim-neuronovy-strojovy-preklad-ai-vo-viacjazycnom-skoleni-2021\/","og_site_name":"Petro Orynycz","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/orynycz","article_author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/orynycz","article_published_time":"2021-12-07T12:00:00+00:00","article_modified_time":"2026-01-23T06:20:08+00:00","author":"Admin","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@OrynyczP","twitter_misc":{"Autor":"Admin","Predpokladan\u00fd \u010das \u010d\u00edtania":"42 min\u00fat"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/sk\/veda\/studia\/ano-hovorim-neuronovy-strojovy-preklad-ai-vo-viacjazycnom-skoleni-2021\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/sk\/veda\/studia\/ano-hovorim-neuronovy-strojovy-preklad-ai-vo-viacjazycnom-skoleni-2021\/"},"author":{"name":"Admin","@id":"https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/sk\/#\/schema\/person\/81acf6b0d8344b8d8832f55a0e4a9f63"},"headline":"\u00c1no, hovor\u00edm&#8230; Neuronov\u00fd strojov\u00fd preklad AI vo viacjazy\u010dnom \u0161kolen\u00ed (2021)","datePublished":"2021-12-07T12:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2026-01-23T06:20:08+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/sk\/veda\/studia\/ano-hovorim-neuronovy-strojovy-preklad-ai-vo-viacjazycnom-skoleni-2021\/"},"wordCount":8278,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/#organization"},"keywords":["Lemko","Neur\u00f3nov\u00fd strojov\u00fd preklad (NMT)","umel\u00e1 inteligencia (AI)"],"articleSection":["Recenzovan\u00e9 vedeck\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce"],"inLanguage":"sk-SK","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/sk\/veda\/studia\/ano-hovorim-neuronovy-strojovy-preklad-ai-vo-viacjazycnom-skoleni-2021\/#respond"]}],"copyrightYear":"2021","copyrightHolder":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/#organization"},"accessibilityFeature":["tableOfContents"]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/sk\/veda\/studia\/ano-hovorim-neuronovy-strojovy-preklad-ai-vo-viacjazycnom-skoleni-2021\/","url":"https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/sk\/veda\/studia\/ano-hovorim-neuronovy-strojovy-preklad-ai-vo-viacjazycnom-skoleni-2021\/","name":"\u00c1no, hovor\u00edm... 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