{"id":11141,"date":"2023-12-04T12:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-12-04T12:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/uncategorized-sk\/winning-hearts-tongues-pripadova-studia-prekladu-z-polstiny-do-lemkovciny-2023\/"},"modified":"2026-02-11T07:17:00","modified_gmt":"2026-02-11T07:17:00","slug":"winning-hearts-tongues-pripadova-studia-prekladu-z-polstiny-do-lemkovciny-2023","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/sk\/veda\/studia\/winning-hearts-tongues-pripadova-studia-prekladu-z-polstiny-do-lemkovciny-2023\/","title":{"rendered":"Winning Hearts &amp; Tongues: Pr\u00edpadov\u00e1 \u0161t\u00fadia prekladu z po\u013e\u0161tiny do lemkov\u010diny (2023)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-abstract\">Abstrakt<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ke\u010f sa str\u00e1caj\u00fa men\u0161inov\u00e9 a lok\u00e1lne jazyky, trp\u00ed n\u00e1rodn\u00e1 bezpe\u010dnos\u0165: nielen\u017ee sa \u010dasto dokumentuje v\u00fdrazn\u00fd n\u00e1rast samovra\u017eednosti, depresie, cukrovky, \u00fatokov a zneu\u017e\u00edvania n\u00e1vykov\u00fdch l\u00e1tok, ale vznik\u00e1 aj pr\u00e1zdnota, ktor\u00fa historicky zneu\u017e\u00edvali protivn\u00edci. Napr\u00edklad mili\u00f3ny \u013eud\u00ed z men\u0161inov\u00fdch jazykov\u00fdch komun\u00edt si ahistoricky osvojuj\u00fa rusk\u00fd jazyk a\/alebo identitu ako svoju vlastn\u00fa na Ukrajine, v Bielorusku, u spojencov NATO a dokonca aj v Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1toch. Ak komunika\u010dn\u00e9 medzery v rodnom jazyku zostan\u00fa len v ruk\u00e1ch protivn\u00edkov, ktor\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa svoje dlhoro\u010dn\u00e9 sk\u00fasenosti s t\u00fdmito jazykmi, NATO zost\u00e1va vo ve\u013ekej nev\u00fdhode pri pokusoch o zapojenie t\u00fdchto komun\u00edt. V Eur\u00f3pe sa psychick\u00e9 rany sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 \u010diasto\u010dne stratou jazyka nezahojili asimil\u00e1ciou. Namiesto toho mest\u00e1 za\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa n\u00e1valy izola\u010dn\u00e9ho nap\u00e4tia na Z\u00e1pade a v\u00fdchodn\u00e9 obyvate\u013estvo je presvied\u010dan\u00e9 nepriate\u013esk\u00fdmi mocnos\u0165ami, \u017ee tieto mocnosti s\u00fa ich skuto\u010dn\u00fdmi spojencami, ktor\u00ed ich ch\u00e1pu a re\u0161pektuj\u00fa. Ani vzdel\u00e1vanie v \u00faradnom jazyku nie je v\u0161eliekom: v pr\u00edpade Ukrajiny (a dokonca aj \u0160panielska) netrivi\u00e1lne rozdiely medzi miestnymi <em>lektmi<\/em> a \u00faradn\u00fdm jazykom vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa priestor pre protivn\u00edkov na rozduch\u00e1vanie plame\u0148ov separatizmu.     <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pou\u017e\u00edvanie syst\u00e9mov strojov\u00e9ho prekladu na posilnenie NATO a jeho partnerov pri v\u00fdcviku regr\u00fatov alebo pri p\u00f4soben\u00ed v ter\u00e9ne v jazyku, ktor\u00fd je im najbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed, m\u00f4\u017ee okam\u017eite vytvori\u0165 pocit \u201emy\u201c a predstavi\u0165 polykult\u00farnu v\u00edziu NATO. Umel\u00e1 inteligencia a syst\u00e9my zalo\u017een\u00e9 na pravidl\u00e1ch boli zostaven\u00e9 na preklad medzi \u00faradn\u00fdm jazykom Po\u013eska a jazykom jeho p\u00f4vodnej lemkovskej men\u0161iny, ktor\u00e1 bola dlho ter\u010dom zahrani\u010dn\u00fdch mocnost\u00ed. Syst\u00e9my boli hodnoten\u00e9 pri preklade z lemkov\u010diny do po\u013e\u0161tiny pomocou metr\u00edk vyvinut\u00fdch s podporou DARPA, pri\u010dom dosiahli sk\u00f3re BLEU (bilingual evaluation understudy) 31,13 a mieru \u00faprav prekladu (TER) 54,10. Medzit\u00fdm v opa\u010dnom smere syst\u00e9my dosiahli TER 53,73 a BLEU 29,49, \u010do je sk\u00f3re 6,5-kr\u00e1t lep\u0161ie ako slu\u017eba Po\u013esko-ukrajinsk\u00e9ho preklada\u010da Google Translate.   <\/p>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file aligncenter downloadable\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-3b35d86d-09d0-4d51-a2c9-29f16b5145fb\" href=\"https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/OrynyczP-DobryT_2023_IITSEC_preprint.pdf\">Z\u00edska\u0165 PDF<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/OrynyczP-DobryT_2023_IITSEC_preprint.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download=\"\" aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-3b35d86d-09d0-4d51-a2c9-29f16b5145fb\">Stiahnu\u0165<\/a><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"alert wp-block-paragraph\">Please cite as: Orynycz, P., &amp; Dobry, T. (2023). Winning Hearts &amp; Tongues: Pr\u00edpadov\u00e1 \u0161t\u00fadia prekladu z po\u013e\u0161tiny do lemkov\u010diny. V <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.xcdsystem.com\/iitsec\/proceedings\/index.cfm?Year=2021&amp;AbID=96953&amp;CID=862\" rel=\"nofollow\">Zborn\u00edku z konferencie o v\u00fdcviku, simul\u00e1cii a vzdel\u00e1van\u00ed medzi slu\u017ebami\/priemyslom (I\/ITSEC)<\/a><\/em>.  <\/p>\n    <section class=\"petro-citation\" aria-labelledby=\"petro-citation-heading-2023-winning\">\n        <h3 id=\"petro-citation-heading-2023-winning\">\n            Please cite as:        <\/h3>\n\n        <p class=\"petro-citation__text\">\n            <cite id=\"petro-cite-2023-winning\" class=\"p-name\">\n                Orynycz, P., &amp; Dobry, T. (2023). Winning Hearts &amp; Tongues: A Polish to Lemko Case Study. In Proceedings of the Interservice\/Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conference (I\/ITSEC). https:\/\/www.xcdsystem.com\/iitsec\/proceedings\/index.cfm?AbID=121223&amp;CID=1001            <\/cite>\n\n                            <span class=\"petro-citation__micro h-cite\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n                                            <span class=\"p-author\">Orynycz, P.; Dobry, T.<\/span>\n                                                                <time class=\"dt-published\" datetime=\"2023\">\n                            2023                        <\/time>\n                                                                <span class=\"p-name\">Winning Hearts &amp; Tongues: A Polish to Lemko Case Study<\/span>\n                                                                <a class=\"u-url\" href=\"https:\/\/www.xcdsystem.com\/iitsec\/proceedings\/index.cfm?AbID=121223&#038;CID=1001\"><\/a>\n                                    <\/span>\n                    <\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"petro-citation__actions\">\n            <button\n                type=\"button\"\n                class=\"petro-copy-btn\"\n                data-copy-target=\"#petro-cite-2023-winning\"\n                data-copied-text=\"Copied!\">\n                Copy citation            <\/button>\n\n                            <button\n                    type=\"button\"\n                    class=\"petro-copy-btn petro-copy-btn--bibtex\"\n                    data-copy-target=\"#petro-bibtex-2023-winning\"\n                    data-copied-text=\"Copied!\">\n                    Copy BibTeX                <\/button>\n\n                <pre id=\"petro-bibtex-2023-winning\" class=\"petro-bibtex\" aria-hidden=\"true\">@inproceedings{orynycz2023winning,\n  author    = {Petro Orynycz and T. Dobry},\n  title     = {Winning Hearts \\&amp; Tongues: A Polish to Lemko Case Study},\n  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Interservice\/Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conference (I\/ITSEC)},\n  year      = {2023},\n  url       = {https:\/\/www.xcdsystem.com\/iitsec\/proceedings\/index.cfm?AbID=121223&amp;CID=1001}\n}<\/pre>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n    \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n    \"@type\": \"ScholarlyArticle\",\n    \"name\": \"Winning Hearts & Tongues: A Polish to Lemko Case Study\",\n    \"headline\": \"Winning Hearts & Tongues: A Polish to Lemko Case Study\",\n    \"author\": [\n        {\n            \"@type\": \"Person\",\n            \"name\": \"Petro Orynycz\",\n            \"alternateName\": \"\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e \u041e\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0447\"\n        },\n        {\n            \"@type\": \"Person\",\n            \"name\": \"T. Dobry\"\n        }\n    ],\n    \"datePublished\": \"2023\",\n    \"inLanguage\": \"en\",\n    \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.xcdsystem.com\/iitsec\/proceedings\/index.cfm?AbID=121223&CID=1001\",\n    \"isPartOf\": {\n        \"@type\": \"PublicationVolume\",\n        \"name\": \"Proceedings of the Interservice\/Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conference (I\/ITSEC)\"\n    }\n}        <\/script>\n            <\/section>\n    \n\n<p class=\"alert is-style-text-annotation has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-00c3c4d1ae648eaa54ccce3bc74070a4 is-style-text-annotation--1 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#0f5132;background-color:#d1e7dd\">\u2705 T\u00e1to verzia pr\u00edspevku bola prijat\u00e1 na publikovanie po recenznom konan\u00ed, ale nie je fin\u00e1lnou verziou (Version of Record) a neodr\u00e1\u017ea vylep\u0161enia po prijat\u00ed ani \u017eiadne opravy. Fin\u00e1lna verzia (Version of Record) je dostupn\u00e1 online na <a href=\"https:\/\/www.xcdsystem.com\/iitsec\/proceedings\/index.cfm?Year=2023&amp;AbID=121223&amp;CID=1001#View\" rel=\"nofollow\">tomto odkaze<\/a>. Pou\u017e\u00edvanie tejto prijatej verzie podlieha <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iitsec.org\/get-involved\/authors\" rel=\"nofollow\">podmienkam pou\u017e\u00edvania<\/a> prijatej rukopisnej verzie vydavate\u013ea.  <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-introduction\">\u00davod<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00fdsledky \u0161kolen\u00ed m\u00f4\u017eu profitova\u0165 z pou\u017e\u00edvania strojov\u00e9ho prekladu pre p\u00f4vodn\u00e9 a men\u0161inov\u00e9 jazyky a dialekty, ktor\u00fdch pou\u017e\u00edvanie je v vedeckej literat\u00fare \u010doraz viac a v\u00fdznamne (<em>p<\/em> \u2264 0,05) sp\u00e1jan\u00e9 s bystrej\u0161ou mys\u013eou, odolnej\u0161ou psychikou a pevnej\u0161\u00edm zdrav\u00edm, nehovoriac o \u0161es\u0165n\u00e1sobne ni\u017e\u0161ej miere samovr\u00e1\u017ed (Hallett et al., 2007, s. 398). Pou\u017e\u00edvanie dedi\u010dn\u00e9ho jazyka m\u00f4\u017ee posilni\u0165 odolnos\u0165 vo\u010di vplyvu zahrani\u010dn\u00fdch protivn\u00edkov a v severoatlantickom priestore m\u00f4\u017ee zabr\u00e1ni\u0165 cie\u013eov\u00fdm popul\u00e1ci\u00e1m, aby upadli do ruskej alebo inej ahistorickej etnolingvistickej identity pri vyrovn\u00e1van\u00ed sa s ni\u010div\u00fdmi n\u00e1sledkami straty jazyka. Zatia\u013e \u010do lokaliz\u00e1cia materi\u00e1lov do miestnych dialektov a jazykov mohla by\u0165 pre vojnou zni\u010den\u00e9 komunity a vl\u00e1dy predt\u00fdm nedosiahnute\u013en\u00e1, v\u010faka ned\u00e1vnym prelomom v oblasti umelej inteligencie a v\u00fdpo\u010dtovej lingvistiky je teraz mo\u017en\u00e9 uva\u017eova\u0165 o cenovo dostupn\u00fdch zariadeniach, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa lacnej\u0161ie, r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie a lep\u0161ie ako \u013eudia pri preklade do p\u00f4vodn\u00fdch a men\u0161inov\u00fdch jazykov s n\u00edzkymi zdrojmi.  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Probl\u00e9m straty jazyka sa neobmedzuje len na Eur\u00f3pu. Hoci glob\u00e1lna situ\u00e1cia ohrozenia jazykov nemus\u00ed by\u0165 tak\u00e1 v\u00e1\u017ena, ako nazna\u010dovali dostupn\u00e9 \u00fadaje na za\u010diatku dev\u00e4\u0165desiatych rokov, dostupn\u00e9 \u0161tatistiky st\u00e1le vykres\u013euj\u00fa pochm\u00farny obraz. V \u010dasto citovanom diele, ktor\u00e9 Simmons a Lewis (2013) nazvali \u201eve\u013ek\u00fdm lingvistick\u00fdm volan\u00edm do zbrane\u201c, Krauss v roku 1992 varoval, \u017ee polovica a\u017e 90 % svetov\u00fdch jazykov m\u00e1 v tomto storo\u010d\u00ed zanikn\u00fa\u0165. Okrem toho predpokladal \u201ezdokumentovan\u00fa mieru zni\u010denia\u201c 90 % p\u00f4vodn\u00fdch jazykov v anglosf\u00e9re, kde prevl\u00e1da angli\u010dtina, a odhadovan\u00fa 50 % mieru vymierania pre cel\u00fd Sovietsky zv\u00e4\u0165, kde dominovala ru\u0161tina (Krauss, 1992, s. 5). O dvadsa\u0165 rokov nesk\u00f4r Simmons a Lewis (2013) pou\u017eili aktualizovan\u00e9 \u00fadaje na odhad, \u017ee 1 360 zo 7 103 \u017eiv\u00fdch jazykov (19 %) sa nepren\u00e1\u0161a na \u010fal\u0161iu gener\u00e1ciu (s. 12), pri\u010dom toto \u010d\u00edslo st\u00fapa na 30 % vo v\u00fdchodnej Eur\u00f3pe (s. 13).    <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-neuroscience-and-learning-outcomes\">Neuroveda a v\u00fdsledky u\u010denia<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Najnov\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdskum nazna\u010duje, \u017ee pou\u017e\u00edvanie rodn\u00e9ho jazyka m\u00f4\u017ee znamena\u0165 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu ment\u00e1lnu kapacitu dostupn\u00fa pre u\u010denie a \u017ee v\u00fdsledky testov sa v\u00fdrazne zlep\u0161uj\u00fa. V\u00fdskum na McGovernovom in\u0161tit\u00fate pre v\u00fdskum mozgu, veden\u00fd v\u00fdskumn\u00edkmi z Massachusettsk\u00e9ho technologick\u00e9ho in\u0161tit\u00fatu (MIT) za\u010diatkom tohto roka, pozoroval relat\u00edvne n\u00edzku mozgov\u00fa odozvu na podnety v rodnom jazyku pri meran\u00ed pomocou techniky funk\u010dnej magnetickej rezonancie (fMRI) (Malik-Moraleda et al., 2023). Ako vysvetlenie v\u00fdskumn\u00edci nazna\u010dili, \u017ee odbornos\u0165 zni\u017euje mno\u017estvo mozgovej kapacity potrebnej na splnenie \u00falohy (Mesa, 2023). V ned\u00e1vnej \u0161t\u00fadii pre Svetov\u00fa banku Soh, Del Carpio a Wang (2021) zistili, \u017ee pou\u017e\u00edvanie nerodn\u00e9ho vyu\u010dovacieho jazyka m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 \u0161kodliv\u00e9, a to najm\u00e4 pre mu\u017eov. V \u0161t\u00fadii sa v\u00fdsledky testov z matematiky a pr\u00edrodn\u00fdch vied u \u0161tudentov v Malajzii v\u00fdrazne zn\u00ed\u017eili po tom, \u010do bol vyu\u010dovac\u00ed jazyk zmenen\u00fd z malaj\u010diny na angli\u010dtinu (Soh et al., 2021, s. 4, 17, 18\u201319).    <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-national-security\">N\u00e1rodn\u00e1 bezpe\u010dnos\u0165<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pod\u013ea \u010dlenov fakulty \u0160koly \u0161peci\u00e1lnych oper\u00e1ci\u00ed Organiz\u00e1cie Severoatlantickej zmluvy (NATO) Whitea a Overdeera m\u00f4\u017ee Rusko zneu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 etnick\u00e9 rozpory v cie\u013eov\u00fdch spolo\u010dnostiach ako p\u00e1ku hybridnej vojny v snahe dosiahnu\u0165 ciele zahrani\u010dnej politiky (2020, s. 31\u201333), pri\u010dom etnolingvistick\u00e9 rozdiely s\u00fa \u201e\u013eahko dostupn\u00e9 a \u013eahko zhor\u0161ite\u013en\u00e9\u201c (s. 40). Ni\u017e\u0161ie sa sk\u00fama podnecovanie a zneu\u017e\u00edvanie etnolingvistick\u00fdch konfliktov v z\u00e1padnej aj v\u00fdchodnej Eur\u00f3pe. <\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-spain-catalonia\">\u0160panielsko: Katal\u00e1nsko<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Verejn\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvanie katal\u00e1n\u010diny, men\u0161inov\u00e9ho jazyka hovoren\u00e9ho v severov\u00fdchodnom \u0160panielsku, bolo Francovou vl\u00e1dou zak\u00e1zan\u00e9 a\u017e do roku 1975 (Miller &amp; Miller, 1996, s. 113). Namiesto vyrie\u0161enia konfliktu t\u00e1to politika mohla sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 jeho pretrv\u00e1vanie. V \u010dl\u00e1nku pre <em>The New York Times<\/em> Schwirtz a Bautista (2021) citovali eur\u00f3psku spravodajsk\u00fa spr\u00e1vu z j\u00fana 2020, ktor\u00e1 tvrdila, \u017ee elitn\u00e1 <em>Jednotka 29155<\/em> vojensk\u00e9ho spravodajsk\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu Ruskej feder\u00e1cie bola v Katal\u00e1nsku v \u010dase referenda o nez\u00e1vislosti v roku 2017, ke\u010f \u201etajn\u00e1 protestn\u00e1 skupina\u201c <em>Tsunami Democr\u00e0tic<\/em> obsadila barcelonsk\u00e9 letisko a preru\u0161ila hlavn\u00fa dia\u013enicu sp\u00e1jaj\u00facu \u0160panielsko s jeho severn\u00fdmi susedmi. O tri dni nesk\u00f4r plukovn\u00edk ruskej Feder\u00e1lnej ochrannej slu\u017eby a bl\u00edzky pr\u00edbuzn\u00fd vysok\u00e9ho prezidentsk\u00e9ho poradcu, hlboko zapojen\u00e9ho do rusk\u00fdch sn\u00e1h o podporu separatistov na Ukrajine, prileteli z Moskvy na strategick\u00e9 stretnutie, aby prediskutovali katal\u00e1nske hnutie za nez\u00e1vislos\u0165 (Schwirtz &amp; Bautista, 2021).   <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Podpora Ruskej feder\u00e1cie pre katal\u00e1nske hnutie za nez\u00e1vislos\u0165 \u00fadajne zah\u0155\u0148ala dokonca ponuku 10 000 vojakov a 500 mili\u00e1rd americk\u00fdch dol\u00e1rov v pr\u00edpade nez\u00e1vislosti (Baquero et al., 2022; pozri tie\u017e Brunet, 2022, s. 74). Louise I. Shelley z Centra pre terorizmus, nadn\u00e1rodn\u00fa kriminalitu a korupciu na George Mason University vo Virg\u00ednii ozna\u010dila rusk\u00e9 oslovovanie separatistick\u00fdch l\u00eddrov v \u0160panielsku za konzistentn\u00e9 s minul\u00fdm spr\u00e1van\u00edm a vysvetlila: \u201eV\u00e4zby medzi Katal\u00e1ncami a Rusmi siahaj\u00fa do sovietskej \u00e9ry. Pred rozpadom ZSSR sa v Barcelone konali stretnutia na vysokej \u00farovni s v\u00fdznamn\u00fdmi Rusmi\u201c (Baquero et al., 2022). <\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-western-ukraine\">Z\u00e1padn\u00e1 Ukrajina<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na Ukrajine netrivi\u00e1lne rozdiely medzi miestnymi lektmi a liter\u00e1rnym \u0161tandardom vyu\u010dovan\u00fdm v \u0161kol\u00e1ch vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa priestor pre protivn\u00edkov na rozduch\u00e1vanie plame\u0148ov separatizmu. Pod\u013ea spr\u00e1vy Rating z roku 2012 len 54 % etnick\u00fdch Ukrajincov pou\u017e\u00edvalo svoj dedi\u010dn\u00fd jazyk, pri\u010dom 29 % pou\u017e\u00edvalo ru\u0161tinu a 17 % kombin\u00e1ciu oboch (s. 9). V tom roku bolo vytla\u010den\u00fdch dev\u00e4\u0165 kn\u00edh v ru\u0161tine na ka\u017ed\u00fa jednu v ukrajin\u010dine a len 13 % v\u00fdtla\u010dkov tla\u010den\u00fdch m\u00e9di\u00ed bolo nap\u00edsan\u00fdch v ukrajin\u010dine (Moser, 2016a, s. 604).  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pred dvoma desa\u0165ro\u010diami ro\u010dn\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy Ministerstva zahrani\u010dn\u00fdch vec\u00ed Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov americk\u00fdch o praktik\u00e1ch v oblasti \u013eudsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v za rok 2002 uviedli nasledovn\u00e9:<\/p>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Niektor\u00e9 prorusk\u00e9 organiz\u00e1cie vo v\u00fdchodnej \u010dasti krajiny sa s\u0165a\u017eovali na zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvanie ukrajin\u010diny v \u0161kol\u00e1ch a v m\u00e9di\u00e1ch. Tvrdili, \u017ee ich deti boli znev\u00fdhodnen\u00e9 pri prij\u00edmac\u00edch sk\u00fa\u0161kach na vysok\u00e9 \u0161koly, ke\u010f\u017ee v\u0161etci uch\u00e1dza\u010di museli absolvova\u0165 test z ukrajinsk\u00e9ho jazyka. <\/p>\n<cite>Ministerstvo zahrani\u010dn\u00fdch vec\u00ed, 2003, s. 1758<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rus\u00edni (Rut\u00e9ni) na\u010falej \u017eiadali o \u0161tat\u00fat ofici\u00e1lnej etnickej skupiny v krajine. Z\u00e1stupcovia rus\u00ednskej komunity \u017eiadali rus\u00ednske \u0161koly, rus\u00ednske oddelenie na U\u017ehorodskej univerzite a zaradenie rus\u00edn\u010diny ako jednej z etnick\u00fdch skup\u00edn krajiny do s\u010d\u00edtania \u013eudu v roku 2001. Pod\u013ea rus\u00ednskych l\u00eddrov \u017eije v krajine viac ako 700 000 Rus\u00ednov.  <\/p>\n<cite>Ministerstvo zahrani\u010dn\u00fdch vec\u00ed, 2003, s. 1759<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ako v\u00fdchodiskov\u00fd bod pre \u0161ir\u0161ie ot\u00e1zky spomenut\u00e9 Ministerstvom zahrani\u010dn\u00fdch vec\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa mimo rozsahu tohto \u010dl\u00e1nku, b\u00fdval\u00fd \u010dlen Harvardovho ukrajinsk\u00e9ho v\u00fdskumn\u00e9ho in\u0161tit\u00fatu Michael Moser vysvetlil:<\/p>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rus\u00ednov mo\u017eno pravdepodobne najlep\u0161ie op\u00edsa\u0165 ako zvy\u0161ky Rut\u00e9nov\/Rus\u00ednov, ktor\u00ed neboli ochotn\u00ed pripoji\u0165 sa k modern\u00e9mu ukrajinsk\u00e9mu n\u00e1rodn\u00e9mu a jazykov\u00e9mu hnutiu\u2026 p\u00f4vodne t\u00e1to neochota nebola zalo\u017een\u00e1 na \u017eiadnej rus\u00ednskej identite v modernom zmysle, ale vypl\u00fdvala z rusofiln\u00fdch n\u00e1zorov, \u017ee Rut\u00e9ni\/Rus\u00edni\/Malorusi patria k jedn\u00e9mu nedelite\u013en\u00e9mu rusk\u00e9mu n\u00e1rodu a nebolo tam miesto pre ukrajinsk\u00fd n\u00e1rod a ukrajinsk\u00fd jazyk.<\/p>\n<cite>Moser, 2016b, s. 127<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V j\u00fani 2007 bola v Moskve prezidentsk\u00fdm dekr\u00e9tom zalo\u017een\u00e1 \u201eRusk\u00e1 svetov\u00e1 nad\u00e1cia\u201c a za\u010dala financova\u0165 \u201ekrajanov\u201c na Ukrajine, pri\u010dom do marca 2011 poskytla viac ako 1 200 000 americk\u00fdch dol\u00e1rov (Moser, 2016a, s. 607).<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Stretnutie sa konalo v Ruskom dramatickom divadle v \u010falekom z\u00e1padnom meste Muka\u010devo na Ukrajine 25. okt\u00f3bra 2008 (Wiktorek, 2010, s. 100). Dokonca sa objavili spr\u00e1vy o stovke ozbrojen\u00fdch jednotlivcov z in\u00fdch miest vonku (Ukrajins\u02b9ke nacional\u02b9ne objednannja, 2009; pozri tie\u017e Wiktorek, 2010, s. 100). Nech sa tam stalo \u010doko\u013evek, o 20:30 tej noci sa na online platforme rusin.forum24.ru objavilo v ru\u0161tine vyhl\u00e1senie o \u201eobnoven\u00ed rus\u00ednskej \u0161t\u00e1tnosti\u201c. Medzi svojimi s\u0165a\u017enos\u0165ami spom\u00edna \u201enahradenie rus\u00ednskeho \u0161t\u00e1tneho jazyka hali\u010dskou ukrajin\u010dinou, jazykom po\u013eskej Hali\u010de, severn\u00e9ho suseda Rus\u00ednov.\u201c (2-nd Europ\u0430n [<em>sic<\/em>] \u0421ongress Sub\u0441arpathion [<em>sic<\/em>] Rusyns, 2008).   <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V obdob\u00ed pred t\u00fdm, ako nariadil svojej arm\u00e1de otvorene napadn\u00fa\u0165 Ukrajinu s cie\u013eom uskuto\u010dni\u0165 rozsiahlu \u201e\u0161peci\u00e1lnu vojensk\u00fa oper\u00e1ciu\u201c, venoval prezident Ruskej feder\u00e1cie cel\u00fd odsek \u201eosudu Podkarpatskej Rusi\u201c vo svojej eseji <em>O historickej jednote Rusov a Ukrajincov<\/em>:<\/p>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Samostatne sa budem venova\u0165 osudu Podkarpatskej Rusi, ktor\u00e1 sa po rozpade Rak\u00fasko-Uhorska ocitla v \u010ceskoslovensku. Zna\u010dn\u00fa \u010das\u0165 miestnych obyvate\u013eov tvorili Rus\u00edni. Hoci sa na to dnes u\u017e zriedka spom\u00edna, po osloboden\u00ed Zakarpatska sovietskymi vojskami kongres pravosl\u00e1vneho obyvate\u013estva \u00fazemia vyhl\u00e1sil podporu pre za\u010dlenenie Podkarpatskej Rusi do Ruskej sovietskej federat\u00edvnej socialistickej republiky alebo priamo do Sovietskeho zv\u00e4zu ako samostatnej, Karpatsko-ruskej republiky.  <\/p>\n<cite>Putin, 2021<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pri \u010fal\u0161om incidente v regi\u00f3ne dvaja \u010dlenovia po\u013eskej krajne pravicovej organiz\u00e1cie <em>Falanga<\/em>, ktorej \u010dlenovia p\u00f4sobili medzi rusk\u00fdmi separatistami na v\u00fdchodnej Ukrajine, v roku 2018 podp\u00e1lili kult\u00farne centrum ma\u010farskej p\u00f4vodnej etnolingvistickej men\u0161iny v region\u00e1lnom hlavnom meste U\u017ehorod tak, \u017ee ho poliali benz\u00ednom a hodili do\u0148 Molotovov koktail (G\u00f3rzy\u0144ski, 2018).<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-health-and-safety\">Zdravie a bezpe\u010dnos\u0165<\/h3>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-suicidality\">Samovra\u017eednos\u0165<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0160es\u0165n\u00e1sobne vy\u0161\u0161ia miera samovr\u00e1\u017ed bola pozorovan\u00e1 v komunit\u00e1ch, kde menej ako polovica uv\u00e1dza konverza\u010dn\u00e9 znalosti svojho dedi\u010dn\u00e9ho jazyka (Hallett et al., 2007, s. 398). Pozit\u00edvne je, \u017ee miera samovr\u00e1\u017ed u mlad\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed klesla na nulu vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch okrem jedn\u00e9ho, kde v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina uviedla schopnos\u0165 vies\u0165 konverz\u00e1ciu vo svojom dedi\u010dnom jazyku (s. 397). V \u0161t\u00fadii Pezzie a Hernandeza z roku 2022 mali t\u00ed, ktor\u00ed nehovorili plynule dedi\u010dn\u00fdm jazykom, ale ich rodi\u010dia \u00e1no (s. 95), najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu pravdepodobnos\u0165 samovra\u017eedn\u00fdch my\u0161lienok (s. 98). Ako vysvetlenie s\u00favislosti medzi stratou jazyka a samovra\u017eedn\u00fdmi my\u0161lienkami Pezzia a Hernandez nazna\u010duj\u00fa \u201eakultura\u010dn\u00fd stres alebo soci\u00e1lne vyl\u00fa\u010denie\u201c vypl\u00fdvaj\u00face z toho, \u017ee nedostatok plynulosti v jazyku br\u00e1ni prijatiu za plnohodnotn\u00e9ho \u010dlena etnickej skupiny (s. 100).   <\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-depression\">Depresia<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Po kontrole veku, pohlavia, vzdelania, finan\u010dnej situ\u00e1cie a pr\u00edslu\u0161nosti k etnickej skupine v\u00fdskumn\u00edci zistili, \u017ee skr\u00fdvanie identity vyh\u00fdban\u00edm sa pou\u017e\u00edvaniu dedi\u010dn\u00e9ho jazyka na verejnosti (ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 ako <em>vyh\u00fdbanie sa jazyku<\/em>) je \u0161tatisticky v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm (<em>p<\/em> = 0,006) prediktorom kategoriz\u00e1cie ako \u201edepres\u00edvny\u201c v\u010faka dosiahnutiu sk\u00f3re 5 alebo vy\u0161\u0161ieho v dotazn\u00edku Patient Health Questionnaire 9 od Kroenkeho a Spitzera (Olko et al., 2023, s. 5\u20136). Ako teoretick\u00fd mechanizmus v\u00fdskumn\u00edci uviedli etnick\u00fa diskrimin\u00e1ciu vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00facu chronick\u00fd stres, ved\u00facu k pretrv\u00e1vaj\u00facej hyperaktivite osi hypotalamus-hypof\u00fdza-nadobli\u010dky a v\u00fdsledn\u00fdm zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdm hladin\u00e1m kortikotrop\u00edn-uvo\u013e\u0148uj\u00faceho faktora a kortizolu, pri\u010dom pouk\u00e1zali na pr\u00e1cu Willnera (2017), ako aj Slavicha a Irwina (2014). <\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-diabetes\">Cukrovka<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Po \u00faprave o socioekonomick\u00e9 faktory bol diabetes mellitus v\u00fdznamne (<em>p<\/em> = 0,005) menej roz\u0161\u00edren\u00fd v komunit\u00e1ch so znalos\u0165ou p\u00f4vodn\u00e9ho jazyka (Oster et al., 2014, s. 9).<\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-tobacco-use\">U\u017e\u00edvanie tabaku<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia akultur\u00e1cia na anglick\u00fd jazyk bola v\u00fdznamne spojen\u00e1 s faj\u010den\u00edm u star\u0161\u00edch \u00e1zijsko-americk\u00fdch adolescentov v New Yorku (Rosario-Sim &amp; O\u2019Connell, 2009). V inej \u0161t\u00fadii bolo pou\u017e\u00edvanie angli\u010dtiny doma spojen\u00e9 s vy\u0161\u0161ou mierou prevalencie faj\u010denia u \u00e1zijsko-americkej ml\u00e1de\u017ee (<em>p<\/em> = 0,021), rovnako ako vysok\u00e1 znalos\u0165 angli\u010dtiny (<em>p<\/em> = 0,040) (Chen et al., 1999, s. 325). Medzi hisp\u00e1nskymi diev\u010datami faj\u010dili tie, ktor\u00e9 hovorili anglicky so svojimi rodi\u010dmi, viac ako tie, ktor\u00e9 hovorili anglicky aj \u0161panielsky so svojimi rodi\u010dmi (<em>p<\/em> &lt; 0,0001), ako aj diev\u010dat\u00e1, ktor\u00e9 hovorili \u0161panielsky so svojimi rodi\u010dmi (<em>p<\/em> &lt; 0,01) (Epstein et al., 1998, s. 586).  <\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-substance-use-and-assault\">U\u017e\u00edvanie n\u00e1vykov\u00fdch l\u00e1tok a \u00fatoky<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pod\u013ea Austr\u00e1lskeho \u0161tatistick\u00e9ho \u00faradu (2011\/2012) bola u aborig\u00e9nskej ml\u00e1de\u017ee vo veku p\u00e4tn\u00e1s\u0165 a\u017e dvadsa\u0165\u0161tyri rokov, ktor\u00e1 hovorila p\u00f4vodn\u00fdm jazykom, men\u0161ia pravdepodobnos\u0165 u\u017e\u00edvania neleg\u00e1lnych l\u00e1tok (16 % oproti 26 %), men\u0161ia pravdepodobnos\u0165 hl\u00e1senia nadmern\u00e9ho pitia alkoholu v predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facich dvoch t\u00fd\u017ed\u0148och (18 % oproti 34 %) a men\u0161ia pravdepodobnos\u0165, \u017ee sa v predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facom roku stali obe\u0165ou fyzick\u00e9ho alebo hroziaceho n\u00e1silia (25 oproti 37 %).<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-solutions-so-far\">Doteraj\u0161ie rie\u0161enia<\/h2>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-neural-artificial-intelligence\">Neuronov\u00e1 umel\u00e1 inteligencia<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Prelom v neur\u00f3novom strojovom preklade medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho t\u00edmu s financovan\u00edm od Agent\u00fary pre pokro\u010dil\u00e9 obrann\u00e9 v\u00fdskumn\u00e9 projekty (DARPA) v r\u00e1mci projektu Broad Operational Language Translation (BOLT) (Cho et al., 2014), ako aj spolo\u010dnosti Google (Sutskever et al., 2014), viedol k vzniku syst\u00e9mov schopn\u00fdch dosahova\u0165 kvalitat\u00edvne sk\u00f3re porovnate\u013en\u00e9 s \u013eudsk\u00fdmi. Tr\u00e9novanie neur\u00f3nov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov si v\u0161ak vy\u017eaduje viac d\u00e1t, ne\u017e je be\u017ene dostupn\u00fdch pre jazyky s n\u00edzkymi zdrojmi. <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-rule-based-machine-translation\">Strojov\u00fd preklad zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidl\u00e1ch<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Syst\u00e9my strojov\u00e9ho prekladu zalo\u017een\u00e9 na pravidl\u00e1ch v minulosti boli v\u0161eobecne pova\u017eovan\u00e9 za plytvanie peniazmi (Haji\u010d et al., 2000, s. 7) s pozoruhodnou v\u00fdnimkou pra\u017esk\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu RUSLAN financovan\u00e9ho Sovietskym zv\u00e4zom zalo\u017eenou Radou vz\u00e1jomnej hospod\u00e1rskej pomoci (RVHP), ktor\u00fd produkoval preklady dokument\u00e1cie opera\u010dn\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov s\u00e1lov\u00fdch po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov z \u010de\u0161tiny do ru\u0161tiny (s. 7), pri\u010dom preklady dvoch z piatich viet boli spr\u00e1vne, \u010fal\u0161ie dve z piatich obsahovali len drobn\u00e9 chyby a len jedna z piatich si vy\u017eadovala podstatn\u00fa \u00fapravu alebo op\u00e4tovn\u00fd preklad (s. 8).<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hlavn\u00fdmi d\u00f4vodmi zjavn\u00e9ho sklamania v Prahe z v\u00fdsledkov \u010desko-rusk\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov zalo\u017een\u00fdch na pravidl\u00e1ch bolo, \u017ee samotn\u00e1 \u00faloha bola pr\u00edli\u0161 zlo\u017eit\u00e1 a \u017ee \u010de\u0161tina a ru\u0161tina nie s\u00fa dostato\u010dne bl\u00edzko pr\u00edbuzn\u00e9 na to, aby bol tak\u00fdto pr\u00edstup \u017eivotaschopn\u00fd. K zoznamu by sa mohli prida\u0165 nerealistick\u00e9 o\u010dak\u00e1vania a nedostatok objekt\u00edvnych metr\u00edk hodnotenia. Medzit\u00fdm boli v\u00fdsledky prekladu z \u010de\u0161tiny do sloven\u010diny a po\u013e\u0161tiny, v\u0161etk\u00fdch bli\u017e\u0161ie pr\u00edbuzn\u00fdch z\u00e1padoslovansk\u00fdch jazykov, celkom povzbudiv\u00e9 (Haji\u010d et al., 2000, s. 12).  <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-hybrid-neural-rule-based-machine-translation\">Hybridn\u00fd neur\u00e1lny\/pravidlov\u00fd strojov\u00fd preklad<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vo v\u00fdsledkoch prezentovan\u00fdch na konferencii Interservice\/Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conference (I\/ITSEC) bol pravidlov\u00fd Lemko-po\u013esk\u00fd prekladov\u00fd syst\u00e9m skombinovan\u00fd s po\u013esko-anglick\u00fdm pravidlov\u00fdm syst\u00e9mom, aby sa vytvorili prv\u00e9 publikovan\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky strojov\u00e9ho prekladu z Lemko do angli\u010dtiny (Orynycz et al., 2021). Nasleduj\u00faci rok boli preklady v opa\u010dnom smere vytvoren\u00e9 \u00fapravou syst\u00e9mu a jeho spusten\u00edm v opa\u010dnom smere (Orynycz, 2022). Vylep\u0161enia tohto syst\u00e9mu, ktor\u00e9 spo\u010d\u00edvali v jeho prepracovan\u00ed a roz\u0161\u00edren\u00ed slovnej z\u00e1soby, nesk\u00f4r viedli k 35 % zlep\u0161eniu kvality prekladu (Orynycz, 2023).  <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-new-solutions\">Nov\u00e9 rie\u0161enia<\/h2>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-rule-based-machine-translation-expert-system\">Expertn\u00fd syst\u00e9m strojov\u00e9ho prekladu zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidl\u00e1ch<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Inferen\u010dn\u00fd engine bol ru\u010dne k\u00f3dovan\u00fd prostredn\u00edctvom v\u00fdvoja riaden\u00e9ho testami, aby odr\u00e1\u017eal pravdy obsiahnut\u00e9 v znalostnej b\u00e1ze zostavenej v spolupr\u00e1ci s pr\u00e1cou odborn\u00edkov na dan\u00fa oblas\u0165. Tento pr\u00edstup tie\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje manu\u00e1lne odstr\u00e1nenie cudzieho zasahovania a pre\u010distenie rusk\u00fdch a in\u00fdch v\u00fdpo\u017ei\u010diek. Konzultovan\u00e9 slovn\u00edky zah\u0155\u0148ali obojsmern\u00fd po\u013esko-lemkovsk\u00fd slovn\u00edk Horoszczaka (2004), lemkovsko-ukrajinsk\u00fd slovn\u00edk Pyrteja (2004), ukrajinsko-lemkovsk\u00fd slovn\u00edk Dudu (2011) a lemkovsko-po\u013esk\u00fd glos\u00e1r Riegera (1995), ako aj jeho lemkovsko-po\u013esk\u00fd glos\u00e1r zalo\u017een\u00fd na nahr\u00e1vkach z obce Bartne (2016). Pri k\u00f3dovan\u00ed pravidiel na oh\u00fdbanie slov pod\u013ea gramatick\u00fdch kateg\u00f3ri\u00ed, ako s\u00fa \u010d\u00edslo, p\u00e1d a rod, boli konzultovan\u00e9 gramatiky Fonta\u0144sk\u00e9ho a Chomiaka (2000), ako aj Pyrteja (2013).   <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-transformer-artificial-intelligence\">Umel\u00e1 inteligencia Transformer<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Prelom v neur\u00e1lnom strojovom preklade bol \u00fazko nasledovan\u00fd zaveden\u00edm architekt\u00fary <em>Transformer<\/em> vedcami z Google Brain a Google Research, ktor\u00e1 je zalo\u017een\u00e1 v\u00fdlu\u010dne na mechanizmoch pozornosti a \u00faplne sa zaob\u00edde bez rekurencie a konvol\u00faci\u00ed (Vaswani et al., 2017). Pre tento experiment sme tr\u00e9novali modely umelej inteligencie zalo\u017een\u00e9 na transformeroch na preklad z po\u013e\u0161tiny do Lemko a pokia\u013e vieme, sme prv\u00ed, ktor\u00ed publikovali v\u00fdsledky. <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-material-and-methods\">Materi\u00e1l a met\u00f3dy<\/h2>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-material\">Materi\u00e1l<\/h3>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-data\">D\u00e1ta<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Modely umelej inteligencie boli vytvoren\u00e9 pomocou korpusu, ktor\u00fd obsahoval 1 611 352 zdrojov\u00fdch slov (pod\u013ea po\u010dtu v Microsoft Word 365) v 112 507 riadkoch nap\u00edsan\u00fdch po\u013esk\u00fdmi rod\u00e1kmi Lemko, spolu s ich prekladmi do po\u013e\u0161tiny pomocou rozhrania Google Cloud Platform Translation Application Programming Interface (API) nakonfigurovan\u00e9ho na preklad, akoby zo \u0161tandardnej ukrajin\u010diny, pomocou neur\u00e1lneho strojov\u00e9ho prekladu.<\/p>\n\n<p>Lemko (tie\u017e zn\u00e1my ako Lemko Rusyn) geneticky patr\u00ed do juhoz\u00e1padn\u00e9ho ukrajinsk\u00e9ho dialektov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, v r\u00e1mci ktor\u00e9ho sa odli\u0161uje pevn\u00fdm pr\u00edzvukom na predposlednej (predposlednej) slabike (Danylenko, 2020). Tak\u00e9to dialekty s\u00fa p\u00f4vodn\u00e9 na \u00fazemiach, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti pod spr\u00e1vou Po\u013eska a od roku 1993 aj Slovenskej republiky. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V medzivojnovom Po\u013esku vl\u00e1da podporovala samostatn\u00e9 lemkovsk\u00e9, huculsk\u00e9 a bojkovsk\u00e9 identity v snahe \u010deli\u0165 ukrajinsk\u00e9mu hnutiu, ktor\u00e9ho u\u010ditelia boli prepusten\u00ed (Moser, 2016b, s. 128). V roku 1935 boli rusofiln\u00ed u\u010ditelia nahraden\u00ed Poliakmi a lemkov\u010dina bola v roku 1937 definit\u00edvne odstr\u00e1nen\u00e1 zo \u0161k\u00f4l (s. 128). Asi dve tretiny lemkovsk\u00fdch hovoriacich v Po\u013esku boli deportovan\u00e9 na Ukrajinu v rokoch 1945 a\u017e 1947, pri\u010dom zvy\u0161n\u00fdch 40 000 a\u017e 50 000 bolo pres\u00eddlen\u00fdch predov\u0161etk\u00fdm na novo pripojen\u00e9, predt\u00fdm nemeck\u00e9 \u00fazemia komunistick\u00e9ho Po\u013eska (s. 131). Pod\u013ea predbe\u017en\u00fdch v\u00fdsledkov s\u010d\u00edtania \u013eudu v Po\u013esku v roku 2021 uviedlo 12 700 \u201eLemko\u201c ako etnick\u00fa pr\u00edslu\u0161nos\u0165 (G\u0142\u00f3wny Urz\u0105d Statystyczny, 2023, s. 3).   <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-methods\">Met\u00f3dy<\/h3>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-preprocessing\">Predspracovanie<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Najprv bol v\u0161etok text preveden\u00fd na mal\u00e9 p\u00edsmen\u00e1. Potom bola pridan\u00e1 medzera pred a za v\u0161etky nealfanumerick\u00e9 znaky. Po\u010diato\u010dn\u00e9 a koncov\u00e9 biele znaky boli tie\u017e odstr\u00e1nen\u00e9 z ka\u017ed\u00e9ho riadku. N\u00e1sledne bol vy\u0161\u0161ie uveden\u00fd korpus spracovan\u00fd pomocou Moslemovho skriptu (2023a) na \u010distenie a filtrovanie paraleln\u00fdch d\u00e1tov\u00fdch s\u00faborov (commit db6f441), pri\u010dom zostalo 33 612 riadkov obsahuj\u00facich 610 990 zdrojov\u00fdch slov pod\u013ea po\u010dtu v Microsoft Word 365.   <\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-subword-tokenization\">Tokeniz\u00e1cia pod slovami<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Modely unigramov\u00e9ho podslovn\u00e9ho spracovania boli tr\u00e9novan\u00e9 pomocou Moslemovho skriptu (2021a) (commit fbf2488). N\u00e1sledne boli tieto modely pou\u017eit\u00e9 na tokeniz\u00e1ciu zdrojov\u00e9ho aj cie\u013eov\u00e9ho textu pomocou skriptu podslovn\u00e9ho spracovania \u010d\u00edslo dva z rovnak\u00e9ho commitu (Moslem, 2021b). <\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-data-splitting\">Rozdelenie d\u00e1t<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2 000 riadkov z vy\u0161\u0161ie uveden\u00e9ho korpusu bolo oddelen\u00fdch na vyhodnotenie pomocou Moslemovho skriptu (2023b) na tento \u00fa\u010del (commit e6decb7).<\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-training-artificial-intelligence-models\">Tr\u00e9ning modelov umelej inteligencie<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Modely umelej inteligencie boli tr\u00e9novan\u00e9 pomocou verzie TensorFlow n\u00e1stroja OpenNMT pre neur\u00e1lny strojov\u00fd preklad, ktor\u00fd je n\u00e1stupcom Harvardovho modelu <em>seq2seq-attn<\/em> sekvencia-na-sekvenciu s pozornos\u0165ou (Klein et al., 2017, s. 68). Pr\u00edkaz na spustenie tr\u00e9ningovej a evalua\u010dnej slu\u010dky bol spusten\u00fd s automatickou konfigur\u00e1ciou pre model <em>Transformer<\/em>. Automatick\u00e9 vyhodnocovanie bolo tie\u017e povolen\u00e9 a nastaven\u00e9 na spustenie ka\u017ed\u00fdch 5 000 krokov pomocou metriky BLEU (bilingual evaluation understudy) a export modelu, ke\u010f bolo dosiahnut\u00e9 nov\u00e9 vysok\u00e9 sk\u00f3re. Tr\u00e9ning bol vykonan\u00fd na platforme <em>Google Colabatory<\/em> s vyu\u017eit\u00edm grafick\u00fdch procesorov\u00fdch jednotiek NVIDIA A100 a stavu runtime s vysokou pam\u00e4\u0165ou RAM. Tr\u00e9ningu bolo umo\u017enen\u00e9 be\u017ea\u0165 cez noc.    <\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-inference-engine\">Inferen\u010dn\u00fd engine<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Inferen\u010dn\u00fd engine pre preklad bol vytvoren\u00fd na z\u00e1klade Kleinovho klientskeho skriptu Python (commit 2b196ff) (2021), ktor\u00fd bol upraven\u00fd tak, aby vyhovoval modelom tokeniz\u00e1cie podslov zdrojov\u00e9ho a cie\u013eov\u00e9ho jazyka, ako aj optimalizoval medzery a kapitaliz\u00e1ciu, aby lep\u0161ie zodpovedal o\u010dak\u00e1vaniam modelov umelej inteligencie a koncov\u00fdch pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov. Predpovede prekladu boli ulo\u017een\u00e9 do s\u00faboru pre n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 hodnotenie kvality. <\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-quality-evaluation\">Hodnotenie kvality<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kvalita prekladov bola hodnoten\u00e1 pomocou metr\u00edk, ktor\u00fdch v\u00fdvoj bol financovan\u00fd DARPA: BLEU (Papineni et al., 2002) aj TER (Translation Edit Rate) (Snover et al., 2006). Samotn\u00e9 sk\u00f3re bolo vypo\u010d\u00edtan\u00e9 pomocou priemyselne \u0161tandardn\u00fdch met\u00f3d vyvinut\u00fdch v Amazon Research spolo\u010dnos\u0165ou Post (2018). <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-results\">V\u00fdsledky<\/h2>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-translation-quality-scores\">Sk\u00f3re kvality prekladu<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Experiment\u00e1lny expertn\u00fd syst\u00e9m zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidl\u00e1ch prekonal v\u0161etky ostatn\u00e9 vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch metrik\u00e1ch pri preklade z po\u013e\u0161tiny do Lemko a naopak.<\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-polish-to-lemko-translation-quality\">Kvalita prekladu z po\u013e\u0161tiny do Lemko<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pri preklade z po\u013e\u0161tiny do Lemko dosiahol experiment\u00e1lny expertn\u00fd syst\u00e9m zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidl\u00e1ch sk\u00f3re kvality BLEU 29,49, \u010do je 6,50-kr\u00e1t lep\u0161ie ako ukrajinsk\u00e1 slu\u017eba Google Translate. Medzit\u00fdm experiment\u00e1lny syst\u00e9m neur\u00e1lneho strojov\u00e9ho prekladu Transformer s umelou inteligenciou dosiahol sk\u00f3re BLEU 15,90 po 30 000 tr\u00e9ningov\u00fdch krokoch, \u010do bolo 3,50-kr\u00e1t lep\u0161ie ako ukrajinsk\u00e1 slu\u017eba Google Translate. Pri meran\u00ed pomocou alternat\u00edvnej metriky TER dosiahol experiment\u00e1lny expertn\u00fd syst\u00e9m zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidl\u00e1ch sk\u00f3re TER 53,73, \u010do je o 61 % lep\u0161ie ako ukrajinsk\u00e1 slu\u017eba Google Translate.  <\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"579\" src=\"https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-1024x579.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7106\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-1024x579.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-300x170.png 300w, https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-768x434.png 768w, https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-1536x869.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-2048x1158.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Obr\u00e1zok 1. Kvalita prekladu z po\u013e\u0161tiny do Lemko: Sk\u00f3re BLEU <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"582\" src=\"https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-1-1024x582.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7111\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-1-1024x582.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-1-300x170.png 300w, https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-1-768x436.png 768w, https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-1-1536x873.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-1-2048x1163.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Obr\u00e1zok 2. Kvalita prekladu z po\u013e\u0161tiny do Lemko: Sk\u00f3re TER <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-lemko-to-polish-translation-quality\">Kvalita prekladu z Lemko do po\u013e\u0161tiny<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Experiment\u00e1lny expertn\u00fd syst\u00e9m zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidl\u00e1ch prekonal v\u0161etky ostatn\u00e9 vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch metrik\u00e1ch pri preklade z Lemko do po\u013e\u0161tiny, pri\u010dom dosiahol sk\u00f3re kvality BLEU 31,13, \u010do bolo 1,4-kr\u00e1t lep\u0161ie ako v\u00fdkon ukrajinskej slu\u017eby Google Translate s BLEU 22,16.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-samples\">Vzorky<\/h3>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table alignwide is-style-regular\"><table><tbody><tr><td colspan=\"2\"><strong>Anglick\u00fd v\u00fdznam (\u013eudsk\u00fd prekladate\u013e)<\/strong><\/td><td colspan=\"5\"><strong><em>Napr\u00edklad v textoch, a ja hlavne \u0161tudujem texty, m\u00e1m tento zdroj, nap\u00edsali: Rak\u00fa\u0161ania n\u00e1s vra\u017edili, tak \u010do n\u00e1m urobia t\u00ed stra\u0161n\u00ed Moskov\u010dania, ktor\u00fdmi sa n\u00e1s sna\u017eia vystra\u0161i\u0165?<\/em><\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\"><strong>Po\u013e\u0161tina<br\/>(\u013eudsk\u00fd prekladate\u013e)<\/strong><\/td><td colspan=\"5\">Na przyk\u0142ad oni w tekstach, a ja g\u0142\u00f3wnie badam teksty, mam takie \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142o, pisali: Austriacy nas mordowali, to co zrobi\u0105 ci straszni Moskale, kt\u00f3rymi nas strasz\u0105?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\"><strong>Pravda:<\/strong> <strong>Odkaz na Lemko (roden\u00fd hovorca)<\/strong><\/td><td colspan=\"2\">\u0406 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u0430 \u044f \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0456 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0456\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u044b, \u0442\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u044b\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u043c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0454 \u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e, \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438: \u043d\u043e \u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043a\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0442\u043e \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u044f\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u043d\u044b \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0456, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0430\u0442?<\/td><td colspan=\"3\">I ony napryklad v tekstach, a ja holovni dosljid\u017eam tekst\u0177, to zna\u010d\u0177t mam takie d\u017eerelo, pysaly: no Avstryjak\u0177 nas morduvaly, to \u0161to zrobljat tot\u0177 stra\u0161n\u0177 Moskalji, kotr\u0177ma nas stra\u0161at?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\"><strong>Syst\u00e9m<\/strong><\/td><td colspan=\"3\"><strong>Prekladov\u00e9 hypot\u00e9zy<\/strong><\/td><td colspan=\"2\"><strong>Sk\u00f3re kvality<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Cyrilika<\/strong><\/td><td colspan=\"2\"><strong>Transliter\u00e1cia<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>BLEU<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>TER<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td rowspan=\"2\"><strong>Experiment\u00e1lne<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Expertn\u00fd syst\u00e9m (zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidl\u00e1ch)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u0430 \u044f \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0456 \u0431\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0439, \u043c\u0430\u043c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u044b \u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e, \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438: \u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043a\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0442\u043e \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u044f\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u043d\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u043e\u043c?<\/td><td colspan=\"2\">Napryklad ony v tekstach, a ja holovni badam tekstyj, mam tak\u0177 d\u017eerelo, pysaly: Avstryjak\u0177 nas morduvaly, to \u0161to zrobljat tot\u0177 stra\u0161n\u0177 moskale, kotr\u0177ma nas stra\u0161om?<\/td><td>46.32<\/td><td>34.48<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Umel\u00e1 inteligencia (Transformer)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0456\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e, \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u0430 \u044f \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0456 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0456\u0440\u0456\u043d\u044e \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0443, \u043c\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e, \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438: \u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043a\u044b \u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043a\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0436\u0435 \u0442\u043e \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u044f\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0456\u043b\u0456\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u044b\u043b\u0438?<\/td><td colspan=\"2\">Prymirovo, v textax, a ja holovni v zamirinju tekstu, mame d\u017eerelo, pysaly: avstryjak\u0177 avstryjak\u0177 morduvaly, \u017ee to \u0161to zrobljat stabilyzacyju tomu, kotr\u0177ma nas prestra\u0161\u0177ly?<\/td><td>27.65<\/td><td>55.17<\/td><\/tr><tr><td rowspan=\"4\"><strong>Google Translate<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Po\u013e\u0161tina<\/strong><\/td><td>\u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u043e\u043d\u0456 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u0430 \u044f \u0491\u043b\u0443\u0432\u043d\u0454 \u0431\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043c\u0430\u043c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0454 \u0437\u044c\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043b\u043e, \u043f\u0456\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0456: \u0410\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044f\u0446\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0456, \u0442\u043e \u0446\u043e \u0437\u0440\u043e\u0431\u044c\u043e\u043d \u0446\u0456 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u043d\u0456 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0454, \u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u043e\u043d?<\/td><td colspan=\"2\">Na przyklad oni v tekstach, a ja gluvnje badam teksty, mam takje \u017arudlo, pisalji: Austriacy nas mordovalji, to co zrobjon ci stra\u0161ni Moskalje, kturymi nas stra\u0161on?<\/td><td>14.21<\/td><td>68.97<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Ukrajin\u010dina<\/strong><\/td><td>\u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434, \u0443 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0457\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u0430 \u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0456\u0434\u0436\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0443 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0454 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0435 \u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e, \u0432\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438: \u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0456\u0439\u0446\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0431\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0449\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0440\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0456 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u043d\u0456 \u043c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0456, \u044f\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0443\u044e\u0442\u044c?<\/td><td colspan=\"2\">Napryklad, u svojix tekstax, a ja v osnovnomu doslid\u017euju teksty, u mene je take d\u017eerelo, vony pysaly: Avstrijci nas povbyvaly, \u0161\u010do budut\u02b9 robyty ti stra\u0161ni moskali, jakymy vony nam pohro\u017eujut\u02b9?<\/td><td>9.43<\/td><td>82.76<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Ru\u0161tina<\/strong><\/td><td>\u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0432 \u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u0430 \u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u044b, \u0443 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438: \u041d\u0430\u0441 \u0443\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0446\u044b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043c \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0442?<\/td><td colspan=\"2\">Naprimer, v ix tekstax, a ja v osnovnom issleduju teksty, u menja est\u02b9 takoj isto\u010dnik, oni pisali: Nas ubili avstrijcy, \u010dto budut delat\u02b9 te stra\u0161nye moskvi\u010di, kotorymi oni nam ugro\u017eajut?<\/td><td>9.43<\/td><td>86.21<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Bieloru\u0161tina<\/strong><\/td><td>\u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044b\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434, \u0443 \u0441\u0432\u0430\u0456\u0445 \u0442\u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u0430 \u044f \u045e \u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u045e\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0442\u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u044b \u0434\u0430\u0441\u044c\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e, \u0443 \u043c\u044f\u043d\u0435 \u0451\u0441\u044c\u0446\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0440\u044b\u043d\u0456\u0446\u0430, \u044f\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0456\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0456: \u0410\u045e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0439\u0446\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0456\u043b\u0456, \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0446\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u0456\u0446\u044c \u0442\u044b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u043d\u044b\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0456, \u044f\u043a\u0456\u043c\u0456 \u044f\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0446\u044c?<\/td><td colspan=\"2\">Napryklad, u svaix t\u00e8kstax, a ja \u016d asno\u016dnym t\u00e8ksty das\u2032leduju, u mjane \u00ebs\u2032c\u2032 takaja krynica, jany pisali: A\u016dstryjcy nas zabili, \u0161to buduc\u2032 rabic\u2032 tyja stra\u0161nyja maskali, jakimi jany nam pahra\u017eajuc\u2032?<\/td><td>4.99<\/td><td>96.55<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Tabu\u013eka 1. Pr\u00edklad prekladov z po\u013e\u0161tiny do Lemko <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-discussion\">Diskusia<\/h2>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-policy-implications\">D\u00f4sledky pre politiku<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00fdsledky vzdel\u00e1vania, verejn\u00e9ho zdravia a bezpe\u010dnosti sa m\u00f4\u017eu zlep\u0161i\u0165, ak sa vzdel\u00e1vacie, \u0161koliace, komunitn\u00e9 a in\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly lokalizuj\u00fa do region\u00e1lnych dialektov a jazykov okrem n\u00e1rodn\u00fdch \u0161tandardn\u00fdch. Aby sa predi\u0161lo pre\u0165a\u017eeniu kapac\u00edt \u013eudsk\u00fdch zdrojov, lingvisti by mohli by\u0165 poveren\u00ed post-editovan\u00edm v\u00fdstupu expertn\u00fdch a umel\u00fdch inteligentn\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov strojov\u00e9ho prekladu, namiesto ru\u010dn\u00e9ho prekladu. Cenovo dostupnej\u0161\u00ed pr\u00edstup k prelo\u017een\u00fdm materi\u00e1lom by mohol prinies\u0165 zlep\u0161enie soci\u00e1lnych slu\u017eieb v nedostato\u010dne obsluhovan\u00fdch oblastiach. Stonewall et al. uv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa viacjazy\u010dnos\u0165, a t\u00fdm aj inkluz\u00edvnos\u0165, vysoko na svojom zozname osved\u010den\u00fdch postupov pre zapojenie nedostato\u010dne obsluhovan\u00fdch popul\u00e1ci\u00ed (2017). Eur\u00f3pska \u00fania financuje v\u00fdskum, ktor\u00fd nazna\u010duje, \u017ee strojov\u00fd preklad mo\u017eno pou\u017ei\u0165 na u\u013eah\u010denie ob\u010dianskej particip\u00e1cie, ako aj na posilnenie verejn\u00e9ho zdravia a bezpe\u010dnosti medzi nedostato\u010dne obsluhovan\u00fdmi komunitami (Nurminen &amp; Koponen, 2020).    <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-technological-implications\">Technologick\u00e9 d\u00f4sledky<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Veci s\u00fa na dobrej ceste k tomu, aby sa komer\u010dne \u017eivotaschopn\u00fd strojov\u00fd preklad do Lemko stla\u010den\u00edm tla\u010didla stal realitou. Pokra\u010duj\u00faci v\u00fdvoj expertn\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov zalo\u017een\u00fdch na pravidl\u00e1ch, riaden\u00fd testami, sa zd\u00e1 by\u0165 najr\u00fdchlej\u0161ou cestou k nad\u013eudsk\u00fdm sk\u00f3re kvality prekladu. Syst\u00e9my umelej inteligencie zalo\u017een\u00e9 na transformeroch m\u00f4\u017eu zv\u00ed\u0165azi\u0165 z dlhodob\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska.  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Niektor\u00e9 \u00fapravy postupu tr\u00e9ningu umelej inteligencie si zasl\u00fa\u017eia experimentovanie. Skript na filtrovanie korpusu mohol by\u0165 pre t\u00fato \u00falohu pr\u00edli\u0161 horliv\u00fd a nadmerne zmen\u0161il ve\u013ekos\u0165 korpusu, \u010do br\u00e1nilo v\u00fdkonu. Skript by mohol by\u0165 v bud\u00facom experimente vynechan\u00fd. Preu\u010denie m\u00f4\u017ee br\u00e1ni\u0165 sk\u00f3re a mo\u017eno by sa mal skr\u00e1ti\u0165 interval hodnotenia 5 000 krokov. Pou\u017eitie expertn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu zalo\u017een\u00e9ho na pravidl\u00e1ch na preklad korpusov do po\u013e\u0161tiny z Lemko namiesto slu\u017eby Google Cloud Platform by mohlo vies\u0165 k lep\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdsledkom. Za\u010dlenenie modulov automatickej korekcie pravopisu by tie\u017e mohlo glob\u00e1lne zlep\u0161i\u0165 sk\u00f3re.     <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rusk\u00e9 a in\u00e9 cudzie lingvistick\u00e9 z\u00e1sahy by sa mohli programovo potla\u010di\u0165 pre\u010disten\u00edm v\u00fdpo\u017ei\u010diek pomocou algoritmov <em>n\u00e1jdi-nahra\u010f<\/em>. N\u00e1rodn\u00e9 jazykov\u00e9 akad\u00e9mie a in\u00e9 autority by mohli tak\u00e9to schopnosti pova\u017eova\u0165 za u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e9. Je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee kvalita prekladu u\u017e dosiahla nad\u013eudsk\u00e9 \u00farovne, \u010do je hypot\u00e9za, ktor\u00fa by bolo mo\u017en\u00e9 otestova\u0165 v bud\u00facich experimentoch.  <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-declaration-of-competing-interests\">Vyhl\u00e1senie o konfliktn\u00fdch z\u00e1ujmoch<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hlavn\u00fd autor p\u00f4sob\u00ed ako \u0161pecialista na kontrolu kvality pre projekt Google Translate v San Franciscu.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-references\">Referencie<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2. Eur\u00f3psky [<em>sic<\/em>] kongres podkarpatsk\u00fdch [<em>sic<\/em>] Rus\u00ednov [rus\u00edn]. (2008, 25. okt\u00f3ber). MEMORANDUM 2-go Evropejskogo Kongressa Podkarpatskix Rusinov o prinjatii AKTA PROVOZGLA\u0160ENIJA vosstanovlenija rusinskoj gosudarstvennosti [Memorandum Druh\u00e9ho eur\u00f3pskeho kongresu podkarpatsk\u00fdch Rus\u00ednov o prijat\u00ed vyhl\u00e1senia o obnove rus\u00ednskej \u0161t\u00e1tnosti] [Online pr\u00edspevok na f\u00f3re]. <em>Informacionnoe Agenstvo Podkarpatskoj Rusi. IAPR. Forum podkarpatskix rusinov<\/em>.<br\/><a href=\"http:\/\/rusin.forum24.ru\/?1-9-0-00000005-000-0-0-1224955832\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/rusin.forum24.ru\/?1-9-0-00000005-000-0-0-1224955832<\/a><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Austr\u00e1lsky \u0161tatistick\u00fd \u00farad, (2012). Kult\u00fara, dedi\u010dstvo a vo\u013en\u00fd \u010das: Hovorenie aborig\u00e9nskymi a ostrovn\u00fdmi jazykmi Torres Strait. <em>Blahobyt aborig\u00e9nskych a ostrovn\u00fdch obyvate\u013eov Torres Strait: Zameranie na deti a ml\u00e1de\u017e<\/em>. 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Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University.  <a href=\"https:\/\/repository.library.georgetown.edu\/handle\/10822\/552816\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/repository.library.georgetown.edu\/handle\/10822\/552816<\/a><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Willner, P. (2017). Model chronick\u00e9ho mierneho stresu (CMS) depresie: Hist\u00f3ria, hodnotenie a pou\u017eitie. <em>Neurobiol\u00f3gia stresu<\/em>, 6, 78\u201393. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ynstr.2016.08.002\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ynstr.2016.08.002<\/a> <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ke\u010f sa str\u00e1caj\u00fa men\u0161inov\u00e9 a lok\u00e1lne jazyky, trp\u00ed n\u00e1rodn\u00e1 bezpe\u010dnos\u0165: nielen\u017ee sa \u010dasto dokumentuje v\u00fdrazn\u00fd n\u00e1rast samovra\u017eednosti, depresie, cukrovky, \u00fatokov a zneu\u017e\u00edvania n\u00e1vykov\u00fdch l\u00e1tok, ale vznik\u00e1 aj pr\u00e1zdnota, ktor\u00fa historicky zneu\u017e\u00edvali protivn\u00edci. Napr\u00edklad mili\u00f3ny \u013eud\u00ed z men\u0161inov\u00fdch jazykov\u00fdch komun\u00edt si ahistoricky osvojuj\u00fa rusk\u00fd jazyk a\/alebo identitu ako svoju vlastn\u00fa&#8230; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":11144,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[445],"tags":[392,427,391],"class_list":["post-11141","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-studia","tag-lemko","tag-neuronovy-strojovy-preklad-nmt","tag-umela-inteligencia-ai"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.3 (Yoast SEO v27.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Winning Hearts &amp; Tongues: Pr\u00edpadov\u00e1 \u0161t\u00fadia prekladu z po\u013e\u0161tiny do lemkov\u010diny (2023)<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Pr\u00edpadov\u00e1 \u0161t\u00fadia strojov\u00e9ho prekladu z po\u013e\u0161tiny do lemkov\u010diny: hybridn\u00e9 syst\u00e9my zalo\u017een\u00e9 na pravidl\u00e1ch + Transformer, vyhodnoten\u00e9 pomocou BLEU\/TER\u2014a\u017e 6,5-kr\u00e1t lep\u0161ie ako Google\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/sk\/veda\/studia\/winning-hearts-tongues-pripadova-studia-prekladu-z-polstiny-do-lemkovciny-2023\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Winning Hearts &amp; 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