{"id":13176,"date":"2022-02-14T13:32:57","date_gmt":"2022-02-14T13:32:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/log\/lemkowski-b%d1%8bty-%e2%9f%a8byty%e2%9f%a9-byc\/"},"modified":"2026-02-14T06:04:22","modified_gmt":"2026-02-14T06:04:22","slug":"lemkowski-b%d1%8bty-%e2%9f%a8byty%e2%9f%a9-byc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/pl\/lemko\/slownictwo\/lemkowski-b%d1%8bty-%e2%9f%a8byty%e2%9f%a9-byc\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0142emkowski \u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438 \u27e8b\u0177ty\u27e9 'by\u0107&#8217;"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>By\u0107 albo nie by\u0107? \u0411\u044b\u0442\u0438 \u0430\u0431\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438<\/em>?<em> Oto jest pytanie<\/em>, a teraz mog\u0105 Pa\u0144stwo odmienia\u0107 bezokoliczniki rozs\u0142awione przez pocz\u0105tkow\u0105 fraz\u0119 solilokwium Hamleta w j\u0119zyku \u0142emkowskim, korzystaj\u0105c z <a href=\"https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/lemko\/translator\/\">us\u0142ugi automatycznego t\u0142umaczenia LemkoTran<\/a>, lub tworzy\u0107 w\u0142asne \u0142\u0105czniki, u\u017cywaj\u0105c tego przydatnego przewodnika DIY.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-yoast-seo-table-of-contents yoast-table-of-contents\"><h2>Spis tre\u015bci<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"#h-translations\" data-level=\"2\">T\u0142umaczenia<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-etymology\" data-level=\"2\">Etymologia<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-attestation\" data-level=\"2\">Za\u015bwiadczenie<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-inflection\" data-level=\"2\">Fleksja<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#h-future-tense\" data-level=\"3\">Czas przysz\u0142y<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#h-root-%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4-bud\" data-level=\"4\">Rdze\u0144: \u0431\u0443\u0434- \u27e8bud-\u27e9<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-etymology-1\" data-level=\"4\">Etymologia<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-conjugation-table\" data-level=\"4\">Tabela koniugacji<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-present-tense\" data-level=\"3\">Czas tera\u017aniejszy<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#h-root-%D1%94-je-%D1%81-s\" data-level=\"4\">Rdze\u0144: \u0454- \u27e8je-\u27e9, \u0441- \u27e8s-\u27e9<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-etymology-2\" data-level=\"4\">Etymologia<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-conjugation-table-1\" data-level=\"4\">Tabela koniugacji<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-past-tense\" data-level=\"3\">Czas przesz\u0142y<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#h-root-%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB-byl\" data-level=\"4\">Rdze\u0144: \u0431\u044b\u043b- \u27e8b\u0177l-\u27e9<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-etymology-3\" data-level=\"4\">Etymologia<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#conjugation-tables\" data-level=\"4\">Tabele koniugacji<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#h-masculine\" data-level=\"5\">M\u0119sko\u015b\u0107<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-feminine\" data-level=\"5\">Kobiecy<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-neuter\" data-level=\"5\">Nijaki<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-references\" data-level=\"2\">Referencje<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-translations\">T\u0142umaczenia<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0142emkowski czasownik <em>\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438<\/em> (transliteracja naukowa: \u27e8b\u0177ty\u27e9) oznacza &#8222;by\u0107\u201e w j\u0119zyku angielskim, <em>by\u0107<\/em> w j\u0119zyku polskim, <em>\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438<\/em> \u27e8buty\u27e9 w standardowym j\u0119zyku ukrai\u0144skim i <em>\u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c<\/em> \u27e8byt&#8217;\u27e9 w moskiewskim j\u0119zyku rosyjskim.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Angielski<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><mark style=\"background-color:#EEEADD\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u0142emkowski<\/mark><\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Polski<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Ukrai\u0144ski<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Rosyjski<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">by\u0107<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><mark style=\"background-color:#EEEADD\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong>\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438<\/strong><\/mark>  \u27e8b\u0177ty\u27e9<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">by\u0107<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption>T\u0142umaczenia \u0142emkowskiego czasownika <em>\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438<\/em> na angielski, polski, ukrai\u0144ski i rosyjski.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-etymology\">Etymologia<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0142emkowski bezokolicznik <em>\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438<\/em> \u27e8b\u0177ty\u27e9, oznaczaj\u0105cy &#8222;by\u0107\u201e, pochodzi od pras\u0142owia\u0144skiego czasownika atematycznego <em>*byti<\/em> i jest spokrewniony z sanskryckim <em>\u092d\u0942\u0924\u093f<\/em> \u27e8bh\u016bt\u00ed\u1e63\u27e9 &#8222;dobre samopoczucie\u201e<a href=\"#vasmer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">(Vasmer 1953<\/a>, s. 159; <a href=\"#pokorny\">Pokorny 1959<\/a> 147), perskim <em>\u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646<\/em> \u27e8b\u016bdan\u27e9 &#8222;by\u0107\u201e<a href=\"#pokorny\">(Pokorny<\/a>, s. 147), \u0142aci\u0144skim <em>fut\u016brus<\/em> &#8222;przysz\u0142o\u015b\u0107\u201e<a href=\"#vasmer\">(Vasmer<\/a>, s. 159, <a href=\"#vasmer\">Pokorny<\/a>, s. 149), a poprzez staroangielski <em>b\u0113on<\/em>, angielski <em>be<\/em><a href=\"#pokorny\">(Pokorny<\/a>, s. 149).<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-attestation\">Za\u015bwiadczenie<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u0142ynny pocz\u0105tkowy wers Hamleta &#8222;By\u0107 albo nie by\u0107, oto jest pytanie\u201e nawi\u0105zuje do nast\u0119puj\u0105cych opublikowanych fragment\u00f3w znalezionych na wolno\u015bci:<\/p>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0491\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0454 \u0442\u043e <mark data-noir-inline-background-color=\"\" style=\"background-color: rgb(238, 234, 221); --noir-inline-background-color: #312b18;\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438 \u0430\u0431\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438<\/mark>, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u044b\u0442, \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0456\u0432 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0456 \u043d\u0438\u0447 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438.\u201e<a href=\"#lemfm\">(LEM.fm 2021<\/a>)<\/p><cite><code><dt><strong>Transcription<\/strong><\/dt><dd>dl'a dakotr\u0177ch organizacyj je to <mark data-noir-inline-background-color=\"\" style=\"background-color: rgb(238, 234, 221); --noir-inline-background-color: #312b18;\" class=\"has-inline-color\">b\u0177ty abo ne b\u0177ty<\/mark>, zna\u010d\u0177t, bez t\u0177ch hro\u0161iv ne sut v syl'i ny\u010d zrealyzuvaty.<\/dd><\/code><br\/><code><dt><strong>Translation<\/strong><\/dt><dd>For some organizations, it's <mark data-noir-inline-background-color=\"\" style=\"background-color: rgb(238, 234, 221); --noir-inline-background-color: #312b18;\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><em>to be or not to be<\/em><\/mark>, meaning they will not be able to achieve anything without those funds.<\/dd><\/code><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u041e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0456\u043b \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0456\u0440\u044b \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435 \u0440\u0456\u0448\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441: \u0446\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043c \u043b\u0435\u043c\u043a\u0430\u043c <mark data-noir-inline-background-color=\"\" style=\"background-color: rgb(238, 234, 221); --noir-inline-background-color: #312b18;\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438, \u0446\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438<\/mark>?&#8230;.\u201e<a href=\"#cyslak\">(\u0426\u0438\u0441\u043b\u044f\u043a 1964<\/a>, s. 162)<\/p><cite>\n<dl><dt><strong>Transliteracja<\/strong><\/dt><dd><code>Ot na\u0161\u0177ch dil y na\u0161oj vir\u0177 bude ri\u0161atysia vopros: cy nam lemkam <mark style=\"background-color:#EEEADD\" class=\"has-inline-color\">b\u0177ty, cy ne b\u0177ty<\/mark>?\u2026<\/code><\/dd>\n<dt><strong>T\u0142umaczenie<\/strong><\/dt><dd><code>Our affairs and our faith will be decide the question of whether we Lemkos are <mark style=\"background-color:#EEEADD\" class=\"has-inline-color\">to be or not to be<\/mark>\u2026<\/code><\/dd><\/dl><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-inflection\">Fleksja<\/h2>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-future-tense\">Czas przysz\u0142y<\/h3>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-root-&#x431;&#x443;&#x434;-bud\">Rdze\u0144: <em>\u0431\u0443\u0434-<\/em> \u27e8bud-\u27e9<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Czas przysz\u0142y \u0142emkowskiego czasownika <em>by\u0107<\/em>, <em>\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438<\/em> \u27e8b\u0177ty\u27e9, jest tworzony przez dodanie ko\u0144c\u00f3wek osobowych do rdzenia <em>bud-<\/em>, odpowiednika <em>will<\/em> w j\u0119zyku angielskim.<\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-etymology-1\">Etymologia<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0142emkowski <em>bud-<\/em> pochodzi od pras\u0142owia\u0144skiego rdzenia <em>*b\u01ebd-<\/em>. Por\u00f3wnaj przyrostek <em>-bund<\/em> w angielskim <em>moribund<\/em> od \u0142aci\u0144skiego <em>moribundus<\/em><a href=\"#pokorny\">(Pokorny<\/a>, s. 150, <a href=\"#vasmer\">Vasmer<\/a>, s. 136). <\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-conjugation-table\">Tabela koniugacji<\/h4>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Angielski<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><mark style=\"background-color:#EEEADD\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u0142emkowski<\/mark><\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Polski<\/th><th>Ukrai\u0144ski<\/th><th>Rosyjski<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">B\u0119d\u0119<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><mark style=\"background-color:#EEEADD\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong>\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443<\/strong><\/mark> <code>\u27e8b\u00fadu\u27e9<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>b\u0119d\u0119<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">b\u0119dziesz<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><mark style=\"background-color:#EEEADD\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong>\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0448<\/strong><\/mark><code>\u27e8b\u00fade\u0161\u27e9<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>b\u0119dziesz<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0448<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0448\u044c<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">(s)on b\u0119dzie<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><mark style=\"background-color:#EEEADD\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong>\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435<\/strong><\/mark> <code>\u27e8b\u00fadet\u27e9<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>b\u0119dzie<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">b\u0119dziemy<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><mark style=\"background-color:#EEEADD\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong>\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0435<\/strong><\/mark> <code>\u27e8bud\u00e9me\u27e9<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>b\u0119dziemy<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043c<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">wszyscy b\u0119dziecie<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><mark style=\"background-color:#EEEADD\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong>\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435<\/strong><\/mark> <code>\u27e8bud\u00e9te\u27e9<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>b\u0119dziecie<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">b\u0119d\u0105<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><mark style=\"background-color:#EEEADD\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong>\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442<\/strong><\/mark>  <code>\u27e8b\u00fadut\u27e9<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>by\u0107<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442\u044c<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption>Formy koniugacji czasu przysz\u0142ego \u0142emkowskiego czasownika \u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438 \u27e8b\u0177ty\u27e9 przet\u0142umaczone na j\u0119zyk angielski, polski, standardowy ukrai\u0144ski i rosyjski.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<dl><dt>Odniesienie<\/dt><dd>Fonta\u0144ski &#038; Chomiak<a href=\"#chomiak\">(2000, s. 106<\/a>).<\/dd><\/dl>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-present-tense\">Czas tera\u017aniejszy<\/h3>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-root-&#x454;-je-&#x441;-s\">Rdze\u0144: <em>\u0454-<\/em> \u27e8je-\u27e9, <em>\u0441-<\/em> \u27e8s-\u27e9<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">W j\u0119zyku \u0142emkowskim czas tera\u017aniejszy czasownika <em>by\u0107<\/em> tworzy si\u0119 w liczbie pojedynczej od rdzenia \u0454- \u27e8je-\u27e9, a w liczbie mnogiej od rdzenia \u0441- \u27e8s-\u27e9.<\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-etymology-2\">Etymologia<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wszystkie poni\u017csze formy wywodz\u0105 si\u0119 od przodka pras\u0142owia\u0144skiego rdzenia <em>*es-<\/em>, do kt\u00f3rego dodano ko\u0144c\u00f3wki osobowe. Por\u00f3wnaj z angielskim <em>is<\/em>, niemieckim <em>ist<\/em>, \u0142aci\u0144skim <em>est<\/em>, staro\u017cytnym greckim \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03af <code>\u27e8est\u00ed\u27e9<\/code>, perskim \u0627\u0633\u062a <code>\u27e8ast\u27e9<\/code> i sanskryckim \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f <code>\u27e8\u00e1sti\u27e9<\/code> <a href=\"#pokorny\">(Pokorny<\/a>, s. 340-341; <a href=\"#vasmer\">Vasmer<\/a>, s. 405). <\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-conjugation-table-1\">Tabela koniugacji<\/h4>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Angielski<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><mark style=\"background-color:#EEEADD\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u0142emkowski<\/mark><\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Polski<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Ukrai\u0144ski<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Rosyjski<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Jestem<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><mark style=\"background-color:#EEEADD\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u0454\u043c<\/mark> <code>\u27e8jem\u27e9<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">jestem<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u0454<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">jeste\u015b<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><mark style=\"background-color:#EEEADD\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u0454\u0441<\/mark> <code>\u27e8jes\u27e9<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">jeste\u015b<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u0454<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">(s)on jest<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><mark style=\"background-color:#EEEADD\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u0454\u0441\u0442<\/mark> <code>\u27e8jest\u27e9<\/code><sup>a<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">by\u0107<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u0454<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">jeste\u015bmy<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><mark style=\"background-color:#EEEADD\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u0441\u043c\u0435<\/mark> <code>\u27e8sme\u27e9<\/code><sup>b<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">jeste\u015bmy<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u0454<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">wszyscy jeste\u015bcie<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><mark style=\"background-color:#EEEADD\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u0441\u0442\u0435<\/mark> <code>\u27e8ste\u27e9<\/code><sup>c<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">jeste\u015bcie<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u0454<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">s\u0105<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><mark style=\"background-color:#EEEADD\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u0441\u0443\u0442<\/mark> <code>\u27e8sut\u27e9<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">s\u0105<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u0454<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption>Formy koniugacji czasu tera\u017aniejszego \u0142emkowskiego czasownika <em>\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438<\/em> \u27e8b\u0177ty\u27e9 przet\u0142umaczone na j\u0119zyk angielski, polski, standardowy ukrai\u0144ski i rosyjski.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>a<\/sup> \u0142emkowska forma trzeciej osoby liczby pojedynczej \u0454\u0441\u0442 <code>\u27e8jest\u27e9<\/code> jest obecnie zast\u0119powana przez \u0454 <code>\u27e8je\u27e9<\/code>, cho\u0107 nadal jest to rzadkie<a href=\"#chomiak\">(Fonta\u0144ski i Chomiak 2000<\/a>, s. 109).<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>b<\/sup> <a href=\"#chomiak\">Fonta\u0144ski i Chomiak (2000<\/a>, s. 109) podaj\u0105 \u0142emkowsk\u0105 form\u0119 pierwszej osoby liczby mnogiej jako <em>(\u0454\u0441\u043c\u0435)\u0441\u043c\u0435\/\u0437\u043c\u0435 <\/em><code>\u27e8(jesme)sme\/zme\u27e9<\/code>.  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>c<\/sup> <a href=\"#chomiak\">Fonta\u0144ski i Chomiak (2000<\/a>, s. 109) podaj\u0105 \u0142emkowsk\u0105 form\u0119 drugiej osoby liczby mnogiej jako <em>(\u0454\u0441\u0442\u0435)\u0441\u0442\u0435 <\/em><code>\u27e8(jeste)ste\u27e9<\/code>.  <\/p>\n\n<dl><dt>Odniesienie<\/dt><dd>Fonta\u0144ski &#038; Chomiak<a href=\"#chomiak\">(2000, s. 106<\/a>).<\/dd><\/dl>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-past-tense\">Czas przesz\u0142y<\/h3>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-root-&#x431;&#x44B;&#x43B;-byl\">Rdze\u0144: <em>\u0431\u044b\u043b-<\/em> <code>\u27e8b\u0177l-\u27e9<\/code><\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Czas przesz\u0142y czasownika &#8222;by\u0107\u201e jest tworzony w j\u0119zyku \u0142emkowskim poprzez dodanie odpowiednich znacznik\u00f3w rodzaju i liczby mnogiej do rdzenia \u0431\u044b\u043b- <code>\u27e8b<code>\u0177<\/code>l-\u27e9<\/code>, co mo\u017cna przet\u0142umaczy\u0107 na j\u0119zyk angielski jako <em>was<\/em> lub <em>were<\/em>.  <\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-etymology-3\">Etymologia<\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u0142emkowski \u0431\u044b\u043b<\/em> <code>\u27e8b<code>\u0177<\/code>l\u27e9<\/code> jest niew\u0105tpliwie kontynuacj\u0105 pras\u0142owia\u0144skiego imies\u0142owu rezultatywnego <em>*byl\u016d.<\/em> Por\u00f3wnaj ze staro\u017cytn\u0105 grek\u0105 \u03c6\u1fe6\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u27e8phylon\u27e9<a href=\"#vasmer\">(Vasmer<\/a>, s. 159), sk\u0105d angielski <em>phylum<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"conjugation-tables\">Tabele koniugacji<\/h4>\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-masculine\">M\u0119sko\u015b\u0107<\/h5>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">U\u017cywaj poni\u017cszych okre\u015ble\u0144 w odniesieniu do m\u0119\u017cczyzn lub mieszanych grup m\u0119\u017cczyzn i kobiet, a tak\u017ce obiekt\u00f3w rodzaju gramatycznie m\u0119skiego. M\u0119sko\u015b\u0107 nie jest kategori\u0105 gramatyczn\u0105 w j\u0119zyku \u0142emkowskim, w przeciwie\u0144stwie do j\u0119zyka polskiego. <\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Angielski<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><mark style=\"background-color:#EEEADD\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u0142emkowski<\/mark><\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Polski<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Ukrai\u0144ski<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Rosyjski<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">By\u0142em<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u044f <sup>\u0431\u044b\u043ba<\/sup><br\/><code>\u27e8ja b<code>\u0177<\/code>l\u27e9<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">by\u0142em<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u044f \u0431\u0443\u0432<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">by\u0142e\u015b<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u0442\u044b <sup>\u0431\u044b\u043bb<\/sup><br\/><code>\u27e8t\u00fd b<code>\u0177<\/code>l\u27e9<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">by\u0142e\u015b<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0432<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u0442\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">by\u0142<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u0432\u0456\u043d <mark data-noir-inline-background-color=\"\" style=\"background-color: rgb(238, 234, 221); --noir-inline-background-color: #312b18;\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u0431\u044b\u043b<\/mark><br\/><code>\u27e8vin b<code>\u0177<\/code>l\u27e9<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">by\u0142<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u0432\u0456\u043d \u0431\u0443\u0432<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u043e\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">byli\u015bmy<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u043c\u044b <sup>\u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438c<\/sup><br\/><code>\u27e8m<code>\u0177<\/code> b\u0177ly\u27e9<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">byli\u015bmy<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u043c\u0438 <strong>\u0431\u0443\u043b\u0438<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u043c\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">byli\u015bcie<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u0432\u044b <sup>\u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438d<\/sup><br\/><code>\u27e8v<code>\u0177<\/code> b\u0177ly\u27e9<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">byli\u015bcie<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u0432\u0438 <strong>\u0431\u0443\u043b\u0438<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u0432\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">ci faceci byli<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u043e\u043d\u0438  <mark data-noir-inline-background-color=\"\" style=\"background-color: rgb(238, 234, 221); --noir-inline-background-color: #312b18;\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong>\u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438<\/strong><\/mark><br\/><code>\u27e8ony b\u0177ly\u27e9<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">byli<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u0432\u043e\u043d\u0438 <strong>\u0431\u0443\u043b\u0438<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption>Formy m\u0119skoosobowe czasu przesz\u0142ego koniugacji \u0142emkowskiego czasownika <em>\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438<\/em> \u27e8b\u0177ty\u27e9 przet\u0142umaczone na j\u0119zyk angielski, polski, standardowy ukrai\u0144ski i rosyjski.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>a<\/sup> <a href=\"#chomiak\">Fonta\u0144ski &amp; Chomiak (2000<\/a>, s. 109) cytuj\u0105<em> \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0454\u043c <\/em><code>\u27e8b\u0177l em\u27e9<\/code> jako alternatywn\u0105 m\u0119sk\u0105 form\u0119 pierwszej osoby liczby pojedynczej przesz\u0142o\u015bci czasownika &#8222;by\u0107\u201e.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>b<\/sup> <a href=\"#chomiak\">Fonta\u0144ski i Chomiak (2000<\/a>, s. 109) cytuj\u0105<em> \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0454\u0441 <\/em><code>\u27e8b\u0177l es\u27e9<\/code> jako alternatywn\u0105 m\u0119sk\u0105 form\u0119 przesz\u0142o\u015bci czasownika &#8222;by\u0107\u201e w drugiej osobie liczby pojedynczej.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>c<\/sup> <a href=\"#chomiak\">Fonta\u0144ski i Chomiak (2000<\/a>, s. 109) cytuj\u0105<em> \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043c\u0435 <\/em><code>\u27e8b\u0177ly sme\u27e9<\/code> jako alternatywn\u0105 form\u0119 pierwszej osoby liczby mnogiej przesz\u0142o\u015bci czasownika &#8222;by\u0107\u201e.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>d<\/sup> <a href=\"#chomiak\">Fonta\u0144ski &amp; Chomiak (2000<\/a>, s. 109) cytuj\u0105<em> \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0435 <\/em><code>\u27e8b\u0177ly ste\u27e9<\/code> jako alternatywn\u0105 form\u0119 drugiej osoby liczby mnogiej przesz\u0142o\u015bci czasownika &#8222;by\u0107\u201e.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n<dl><dt>Odniesienie<\/dt><dd>Fonta\u0144ski &#038; Chomiak<a href=\"#chomiak\">(2000, s. 106<\/a>).<\/dd><\/dl>\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-feminine\">Kobiecy<\/h5>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Poni\u017csze wyra\u017cenia odnosz\u0105 si\u0119 do kobiet i przedmiot\u00f3w rodzaju \u017ce\u0144skiego.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Angielski<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><mark style=\"background-color:#EEEADD\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u0142emkowski<\/mark><\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Polski<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Ukrai\u0144ski<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Rosyjski<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">By\u0142em<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u044f <sup>\u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430a<\/sup><br\/><code>\u27e8ja b\u0177la\u27e9<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">by\u0142am<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u044f <strong>\u0431\u0443\u043b\u0430<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">by\u0142e\u015b<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u0442\u044b <sup>\u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430b<\/sup><br\/><code>\u27e8t<code>\u00fd<\/code> b\u0177la\u27e9<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">by\u0142a\u015b<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u0442\u0438 <strong>\u0431\u0443\u043b\u0430<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u0442\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">by\u0142a<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u043e\u043d\u0430  <mark style=\"background-color:#EEEADD\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong>\u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430<\/strong><\/mark><br\/><code>\u27e8ona b\u0177la\u27e9<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">by\u0142a<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u0432\u043e\u043d\u0430 <strong>\u0431\u0443\u043b\u0430<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u043e\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">byli\u015bmy<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u043c\u044b <sup>\u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438c<\/sup><br\/><code>\u27e8m<code><code>\u0177<\/code><\/code> b\u0177ly\u27e9<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">by\u0142y\u015bmy<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u043c\u0438 <strong>\u0431\u0443\u043b\u0438<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u043c\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">dziewczyny by\u0142y<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u0432\u044b <sup>\u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438d<\/sup><br\/><code>\u27e8w<code><code>\u0177<\/code><\/code> b\u0177ly\u27e9<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">by\u0142y\u015bcie<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u0432\u0438 <strong>\u0431\u0443\u043b\u0438<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u0432\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">te dziewczyny by\u0142y<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u043e\u043d\u0438  <mark data-noir-inline-background-color=\"\" style=\"background-color: rgb(238, 234, 221); --noir-inline-background-color: #312b18;\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong>\u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438<\/strong><\/mark><br\/><code>\u27e8ony b\u0177ly\u27e9<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">by\u0142y<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u0432\u043e\u043d\u0438 <strong>\u0431\u0443\u043b\u0438<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption>Formy \u017ce\u0144skiej koniugacji czasu przesz\u0142ego \u0142emkowskiego czasownika <em>\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438<\/em> \u27e8b\u0177ty\u27e9 przet\u0142umaczone na j\u0119zyk angielski, polski, standardowy ukrai\u0144ski i rosyjski.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>a<\/sup> <a href=\"#chomiak\">Fonta\u0144ski &amp; Chomiak (2000<\/a>, s. 109) cytuj\u0105<em> \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0454\u043c <\/em><code>\u27e8b\u0177la em\u27e9<\/code> i <em>\u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430\u043c <\/em><code>\u27e8b\u0177lam\u27e9<\/code> jako alternatywne \u017ce\u0144skie formy pierwszej osoby liczby pojedynczej przesz\u0142o\u015bci czasownika &#8222;by\u0107\u201e.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>b<\/sup> <a href=\"#chomiak\">Fonta\u0144ski i Chomiak (2000<\/a>, s. 109) cytuj\u0105<em> \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0454\u0441 <\/em><code>\u27e8b\u0177la es\u27e9<\/code> i <em>\u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430\u0441 <\/em><code>\u27e8b\u0177las\u27e9<\/code> jako alternatywne \u017ce\u0144skie formy drugiej osoby liczby pojedynczej przesz\u0142o\u015bci czasownika &#8222;by\u0107\u201e.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>c<\/sup> <a href=\"#chomiak\">Fonta\u0144ski i Chomiak (2000<\/a>, s. 109) cytuj\u0105<em> \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043c\u0435 <\/em><code>\u27e8b\u0177ly sme\u27e9<\/code> jako alternatywn\u0105 form\u0119 pierwszej osoby liczby mnogiej przesz\u0142o\u015bci czasownika &#8222;by\u0107\u201e.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>d<\/sup> <a href=\"#chomiak\">Fonta\u0144ski &amp; Chomiak (2000<\/a>, s. 109) cytuj\u0105<em> \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0435 <\/em><code>\u27e8b\u0177ly ste\u27e9<\/code> jako alternatywn\u0105 form\u0119 drugiej osoby liczby mnogiej przesz\u0142o\u015bci czasownika &#8222;by\u0107\u201e.<\/p>\n\n<dl><dt>Odniesienie<\/dt><dd>Fonta\u0144ski &#038; Chomiak<a href=\"#chomiak\">(2000, s. 106<\/a>).<\/dd><\/dl>\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-neuter\">Nijaki<\/h5>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">U\u017cyj poni\u017cszego okre\u015blenia, aby odnie\u015b\u0107 si\u0119 do obiekt\u00f3w rodzaju nijakiego.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Angielski<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><mark style=\"background-color:#EEEADD\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u0142emkowski<\/mark><\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Polski<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Ukrai\u0144ski<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Rosyjski<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">by\u0142o<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u043e\u043d\u043e  <mark data-noir-inline-background-color=\"\" style=\"background-color: rgb(238, 234, 221); --noir-inline-background-color: #312b18;\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong>\u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e<\/strong><\/mark><br\/><code>\u27e8ono b\u0177lo\u27e9<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">by\u0142o<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u0432\u043e\u043d\u043e <strong>\u0431\u0443\u043b\u043e<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u043e\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">by\u0142y<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u043e\u043d\u0438  <mark data-noir-inline-background-color=\"\" style=\"background-color: rgb(238, 234, 221); --noir-inline-background-color: #312b18;\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong>\u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438<\/strong><\/mark><br\/><code>\u27e8ony b\u0177ly\u27e9<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">by\u0142y<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u0432\u043e\u043d\u0438 <strong>\u0431\u0443\u043b\u0438<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption>Formy koniugacji czasu przesz\u0142ego rodzaju nijakiego \u0142emkowskiego czasownika <em>\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438<\/em> \u27e8b\u0177ty\u27e9 przet\u0142umaczone na j\u0119zyk angielski, polski, standardowy ukrai\u0144ski i rosyjski.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<dl><dt>Odniesienie<\/dt><dd>Fonta\u0144ski &#038; Chomiak<a href=\"#chomiak\">(2000, s. 106<\/a>).<\/dd><\/dl>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-references\">Referencje<\/h2>\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Fonta\u0144ski, H., Chomiak, M. (2000). <a href=\"http:\/\/lemko.org\/books\/indeks.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">\u0490\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u043b\u0435\u043c\u043a\u0456\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430<\/a> [Gramatyka j\u0119zyka \u0142emkowskiego]. \u015al\u0105sk. <\/li><li id=\"vasmer\">Vasmer, M. (1953).<a href=\"https:\/\/www.winter-verlag.de\/en\/detail\/978-3-8253-0665-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\"> Russisches Etymologisches W\u00f6rterbuch, Erster Band: A &#8211; K<\/a> [Russian Etymological Dictionary, Volume One: A &#8211; K]. Carl Winter Universit\u00e4tsverlag. <\/li><li>Pokorny, J. (1959). <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Indogermanisches etymologisches W\u00f6rterbuch<\/a>, I. Band [Indogerma\u0144ski s\u0142ownik etymologiczny, tom pierwszy]. A. Francke AG Verlag. <\/li><li>\u0426\u0438\u0441\u043b\u044f\u043a, \u0410. (1964). <a href=\"http:\/\/carpatho-russian-almanacs.org\/LEMKO\/LEMKO1964\/Beskids64.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">\u041d\u0430\u0448\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b \u0411\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0434\u044b<\/a> [Nasi przodkowie w Beskidach]. W: \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043f\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041a\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044c \u041b\u0435\u043c\u043a\u043e-\u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u041d\u0430 \u0413\u043e\u0434 1964. \u0422\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \u041b\u0435\u043c\u043a\u043e-\u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430.   <\/li><li>Lem.fm (2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lem.fm\/khto-robit-a-khto-spit\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">\u0425\u0442\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442, \u0430 \u0445\u0442\u043e&#8230; \u043d\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0456, \u0448\u0442\u043e?<\/a> [He Who Does, and He Who&#8230; Well, What?], <code>www.Lem.fm<\/code>.<\/li><\/ol>\n<div class=\"yoast-breadcrumbs\"><span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/pl\/\">Strona g\u0142\u00f3wna<\/a><\/span> \u00bb <span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/pl\/moc\/log\/\">Dziennik<\/a><\/span> \u00bb <span class=\"breadcrumb_last\" aria-current=\"page\">\u0142emkowski \u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438 \u27e8b\u0177ty\u27e9 &#8216;by\u0107&#8217;<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By\u0107 albo nie by\u0107? \u0411\u044b\u0442\u0438 \u0430\u0431\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438? Oto jest pytanie, a teraz mog\u0105 Pa\u0144stwo odmienia\u0107 bezokoliczniki rozs\u0142awione przez pocz\u0105tkow\u0105 fraz\u0119 solilokwium Hamleta w j\u0119zyku \u0142emkowskim, korzystaj\u0105c z us\u0142ugi automatycznego t\u0142umaczenia LemkoTran, lub tworzy\u0107 w\u0142asne \u0142\u0105czniki, u\u017cywaj\u0105c tego przydatnego przewodnika DIY. T\u0142umaczenia \u0142emkowski czasownik \u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438 (transliteracja naukowa: \u27e8b\u0177ty\u27e9) oznacza &#8222;by\u0107\u201e w j\u0119zyku angielskim, by\u0107 w [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3163,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[539],"tags":[564],"class_list":["post-13176","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-slownictwo","tag-czasownik"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.3 (Yoast SEO v27.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0142emkowski \u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438 \u27e8b\u0177ty\u27e9 &#039;by\u0107&#039;<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/pl\/lemko\/slownictwo\/lemkowski-b%d1%8bty-%e2%9f%a8byty%e2%9f%a9-byc\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pl_PL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0142emkowski \u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438 \u27e8b\u0177ty\u27e9 &#039;by\u0107&#039;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"b\u0177ty: znaczenie, terminologia i koniugacja\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/pl\/lemko\/slownictwo\/lemkowski-b%d1%8bty-%e2%9f%a8byty%e2%9f%a9-byc\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Petro Orynycz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/orynycz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/orynycz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-02-14T13:32:57+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-02-14T06:04:22+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.orynycz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/facebook.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"628\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"By\u0107 albo nie by\u0107? \u0411\u044b\u0442\u0438 \u0430\u0431\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438? 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